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Questions and Answers
What is myology?
It is the science dealing with the study of muscles and accessory structures.
Which of the following is NOT a function of muscles?
Match the muscle types with their characteristics:
Skeletal muscle = Striated and voluntary Smooth muscle = Non-striated and involuntary Cardiac muscle = Striated and involuntary
What are bundled skeletal muscle fibers formed by?
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The attachment which remains fixed when the muscle contracts is called the ___
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The movable attachment of the muscle is known as the ___
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What is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body?
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Which of the following best describes pennate muscles?
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All skeletal muscles are under voluntary control.
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What term describes the layer of connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers?
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What term is used for muscle fibers that are on both sides of a tendon?
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Study Notes
Myology
- The study of muscles and their associated structures like fascia, tendon sheaths, and bursae.
- Muscles are contractile tissues composed of muscle fibers responsible for moving bones or body parts.
Muscle Functions:
- Production of movement.
- Heat generation in warm-blooded animals.
- Stabilization of body positions.
- Transportation of substances within the body.
Types of Muscles:
- Skeletal Muscles: Striated, voluntary, and responsible for conscious movement.
- Smooth Muscles: Non-striated, involuntary, and found in internal organs like the digestive system.
- Cardiac Muscles: Striated, involuntary, and found only in the heart, responsible for its rhythmic contractions.
Skeletal Muscle Structure:
- Composed of fibers arranged in bundles.
- Epimysium: Outer connective tissue sheath covering the entire muscle.
- Perimysium: Middle layer of connective tissue surrounding fascicles (muscle fiber bundles).
- Endomysium: Inner layer of connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers.
Forms of Skeletal Muscles:
- Long Muscles: Found in limbs, facilitating large movements.
- Flat Muscles: Located in the abdomen and chest, responsible for flattening and stabilizing the torso.
- Short Muscles: Found in smaller areas, responsible for fine-tuned movements.
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Sphincter Muscles (Orbicular): Circular muscles surrounding openings, controlling their closure. Examples include:
- Sphincter Ani: Around the anus.
- Orbicularis Oris: Around the mouth.
- Orbicularis Oculi: Around the eye.
Skeletal Muscle Attachment:
- Origin: Fixed point of attachment, usually proximal, remains stationary during contraction.
- Insertion: Movable point of attachment, usually distal, moves during contraction.
- Tendon: Strong, cord-like fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone, allowing for efficient transmission of force.
- Sesamoid Bones: Small, flat bones located within tendons, reducing friction and increasing leverage. Example: Patella (kneecap).
- Aponeuroses: Thin but strong flat sheets of fibrous tissue, acting as attachments for flat muscles. Example: Fascia Lata.
- Raphae: Interdigitation of aponeuroses, forming strong connections between flat muscles.
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Organization:
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Parallel Muscles: Muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle, allowing for greater range of movement. Examples include:
- Strap Muscles: Long and flat, like Sartorius.
- Strap with Tendinous Intersection: Such as Rectus Abdominis.
- Rhomboid: Like Rhomboideus.
- Fusiform: Thick in the middle, tapered at the ends (e.g., Biceps Brachii).
- Convergent Muscles: Fibers converge towards a single point of attachment, allowing for strong force generation. Example: Pectoralis muscles.
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Pennate Muscles: Fibers arranged at an angle to the tendon, allowing for greater power.
- Unipennate: Fibers on one side of the tendon (e.g., Extensor Digitorum).
- Bipennate: Fibers on both sides of the tendon (e.g., Rectus Femoris).
- Multipennate: Complex arrangement of bipennate units (e.g., Deltoid).
- Circular Muscles (Sphincters): Muscle fibers arranged in circles, allowing for constriction and relaxation of openings.
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Description
Explore the fascinating study of myology, focusing on the structure and functions of various muscle types including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. This quiz covers muscle functions such as movement production and body stabilization, along with the anatomical structures involved.
