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Questions and Answers
What type of cartilage is found at the ends of bones in synovial joints?
Which of the following joints is classified as a synarthrosis?
Which classification of joints allows for slight movement?
What is the role of synovial fluid in synovial joints?
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Which of the following movements does NOT typically occur at a synovial joint?
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What is a characteristic of diarthroses joints?
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In which area of the body would you find gliding movements?
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What structural feature is essential for the function of synovial joints?
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What is the main function of muscles in the musculoskeletal system?
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Which type of joint is characterized by the presence of fibrous connective tissue and allows minimal movement?
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Which type of fibrous joint is found only in the skull?
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How are syndesmoses distinguished from sutures?
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What connects the tooth to its socket in gomphosis joints?
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What type of joint connects bones using hyaline cartilage?
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Which is NOT a type of fibrous joint?
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What must be overcome for motion to occur in the musculoskeletal system?
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What is the primary characteristic of flexion in angular movements?
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What type of movement does depression describe?
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Which type of movement occurs when a limb moves toward the midline of the body?
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Which joint allows for bending movement primarily in one direction?
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What describes hyperextension?
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Which of the following best illustrates circumduction?
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What is the primary function of a pivot joint?
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Which joint type is described as having flattened or slightly curved articulating surfaces?
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What is a common example of inversion?
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When does elevation occur in body movements?
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What action is primarily facilitated by opposition of the thumb?
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What type of joint is specifically identified as allowing gliding movements and lacking rotation?
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Which motion is an example of lateral rotation?
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Which of the following describes plantar flexion?
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What does protraction of a bone involve?
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What defines a condyloid joint?
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Study Notes
Musculoskeletal System
- The musculoskeletal system is composed of bones, joints, skeletal muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
- Muscles generate force, which tendons transfer to bones, resulting in movement if the force is sufficient.
- Joints are where two or more bones meet, facilitating movement and stability.
Structural Classification of Joints
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Joints can be classified by structure and function.
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Structural classification focuses on the materials composing the joint and the presence or absence of a cavity.
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Fibrous joints: bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue, with no cavity between them.
- Sutures: found solely in the skull, with short fibers holding bones tightly.
- Syndesmoses: bones connected by a band of connective tissue, allowing more movement than sutures.
- An example is the joint between the tibia and fibula in the ankle.
- Gomphoses: occur between teeth and their sockets, with the tooth fitting into the socket like a peg.
- The periodontal ligament is the connective tissue involved.
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Cartilaginous joints: bones are connected by cartilage.
- Synchondroses: bones joined by hyaline cartilage, found in the epiphyseal plates of growing bones.
- Symphyses: hyaline cartilage covers bone ends, but fibrocartilage connects the bones, as seen in the joints between vertebrae.
- Both types allow limited movement.
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Synovial joints: the only joints with a space - the synovial (joint) cavity - filled with synovial fluid.
- Synovial fluid lubricates the joint, reducing friction and allowing for greater movement.
- Bone ends are covered with hyaline articular cartilage, and the entire joint is surrounded by an articular capsule.
- The capsule allows movement while resisting dislocation.
- Articular capsules may have ligaments that hold the bones together.
- Synovial joints offer the greatest movement among structural types, but their mobility often compromises strength.
Functional Classification of Joints
- Functional classification focuses on the joint's movement capability.
- Synarthrosis: an immovable joint, including sutures, gomphoses, and synchondroses.
- Amphiarthroses: allow slight movement, including syndesmoses and symphyses.
- Diarthroses: allow free movement, as seen in synovial joints.
Movement at Synovial Joints
- The wide range of movement in synovial joints produces various types of movements.
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Gliding: relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other, with minimal rotation or angular movement.
- Examples include carpal and tarsal bone joints.
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Angular: the angle between the bones of a joint changes.
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Flexion: the angle between bones decreases.
- Examples include bending the forearm at the elbow or moving the hand towards the forearm.
- Extension: the angle between bones increases; straightening a limb after flexion.
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Hyperextension: extension past the regular anatomical position.
- Examples include moving the neck back to look upward or bending the wrist so that the hand moves away from the forearm.
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Abduction: moving a bone away from the body's midline.
- Examples include moving arms or legs laterally.
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Adduction: moving a bone towards the body's midline.
- Examples include moving limbs inward after abduction.
- Circumduction: a circular limb movement.
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Flexion: the angle between bones decreases.
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Rotational: bone rotation around its longitudinal axis.
- Medial rotation: towards the body's midline.
- Lateral rotation: away from the midline.
- Examples include head movement from side to side.
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Special Movements: movements that don't fit into the above categories.
- Inversion: soles of the feet move inwards towards the midline.
- Eversion: soles of the feet move outwards away from the midline.
- Protraction: anterior movement of a bone in the horizontal plane.
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Retraction: movement of the bone back into position after protraction.
- Examples can be observed in the mandible movement as the jaw thrusts outwards and inwards.
- Elevation: upward movement of a bone, such as when shrugging raises the scapulae.
- Depression: downward movement of a bone, such as when the scapulae return to their normal position after elevation.
- Dorsiflexion: bending the ankle to lift the toes towards the knee.
- Plantar flexion: bending the ankle to lift the heel, as seen in standing on toes.
- Supination: rotation of the radius and ulna bones so the palm faces forward.
- Pronation: rotation of the radius and ulna bones so the palm faces backward.
- Opposition: thumb movement towards the fingers of the same hand, crucial for grasping.
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Gliding: relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other, with minimal rotation or angular movement.
Types of Synovial Joints
- Different joint types facilitate specific movement types.
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Planar (Gliding): bones with flat or slightly curved surfaces, allowing gliding movements.
- Examples include carpal and tarsal bones, and between vertebrae.
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Hinge: slightly rounded bone end fits into a hollow end of another bone, allowing movement in one plane.
- Examples include the elbow and the knee (sometimes classified as a modified hinge).
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Pivot: rounded end of one bone fits into a ring formed by another bone, allowing rotation.
- Examples include the joint of the first and second vertebrae in the neck and the wrist joint that allows palm turning.
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Condyloid (Ellipsoidal): oval-shaped end of one bone fits into a similar hollow of another bone, allowing various movements.
- Examples include the wrist.
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Saddle: one bone's articular surface is saddle-shaped and fits into a complementary shape on another bone.
- This allows movement in two planes and is seen in the thumb's joint.
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Ball-and-socket: a spherical bone end fits into a cup-shaped socket, allowing the greatest range of movement.
- Examples include the shoulder and hip joints.
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Planar (Gliding): bones with flat or slightly curved surfaces, allowing gliding movements.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the musculoskeletal system, which includes bones, joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. This quiz delves into the structural classification of joints, focusing on fibrous joints and their specific types such as sutures and syndesmoses. Test your knowledge about how movement and stability are facilitated by these structures.
