Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways to classify joints?
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways to classify joints?
- Contextual classification (correct)
- Morphological classification
- Functional classification
- Structural classification
Which movement of the shoulder involves moving the arm away from the midline of the body?
Which movement of the shoulder involves moving the arm away from the midline of the body?
- Adduction
- Abduction (correct)
- Extension
- Flexion
During scapular motion, which of the following describes the movement where the scapula moves downwards?
During scapular motion, which of the following describes the movement where the scapula moves downwards?
- Elevation
- Protraction
- Depression (correct)
- Adduction
In the context of palpation techniques, which technique would emphasize a lighter touch over a firmer pressure?
In the context of palpation techniques, which technique would emphasize a lighter touch over a firmer pressure?
Which of the following movements is characteristic of the hip joint?
Which of the following movements is characteristic of the hip joint?
Which motion describes bending the elbow to bring the forearm towards the upper arm?
Which motion describes bending the elbow to bring the forearm towards the upper arm?
In anatomical terms, what is the motion of bringing the toes towards the shin called?
In anatomical terms, what is the motion of bringing the toes towards the shin called?
Which structure is NOT typically involved in palpation techniques related to musculoskeletal assessment?
Which structure is NOT typically involved in palpation techniques related to musculoskeletal assessment?
How many degrees of freedom does a ball and socket joint have?
How many degrees of freedom does a ball and socket joint have?
Which joint classification is characterized by 2 degrees of freedom and allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction?
Which joint classification is characterized by 2 degrees of freedom and allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction?
What movement occurs when the sole of the foot is turned towards the median plane?
What movement occurs when the sole of the foot is turned towards the median plane?
In terms of scapular motion, what is the action of squeezing the shoulder blades together referred to?
In terms of scapular motion, what is the action of squeezing the shoulder blades together referred to?
What is the primary movement when a joint undergoes flexion?
What is the primary movement when a joint undergoes flexion?
Which of the following describes the opposite movement of elevation?
Which of the following describes the opposite movement of elevation?
What type of movement involves the first digit pad being brought to another digit pad?
What type of movement involves the first digit pad being brought to another digit pad?
Which movement is characterized by rotating the forearm and hand laterally so the palm is facing anteriorly?
Which movement is characterized by rotating the forearm and hand laterally so the palm is facing anteriorly?
Which classification describes a joint that allows for extensive movement in multiple directions, such as the shoulder joint?
Which classification describes a joint that allows for extensive movement in multiple directions, such as the shoulder joint?
When performing shoulder flexion, which plane is the primary plane of movement involved?
When performing shoulder flexion, which plane is the primary plane of movement involved?
What is the term for the movement of the scapula when it slides upward during arm elevation?
What is the term for the movement of the scapula when it slides upward during arm elevation?
Which palpation technique involves using the fingertips to assess the contours of a joint?
Which palpation technique involves using the fingertips to assess the contours of a joint?
During hip adduction, which axis of movement is primarily utilized?
During hip adduction, which axis of movement is primarily utilized?
What type of joint movement allows the foot to rotate inward towards the midline of the body?
What type of joint movement allows the foot to rotate inward towards the midline of the body?
Which of the following occurs when you lower your arm back down to your side after shoulder flexion?
Which of the following occurs when you lower your arm back down to your side after shoulder flexion?
What is the correct term for the type of movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction at the shoulder joint?
What is the correct term for the type of movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction at the shoulder joint?
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Study Notes
Classifying Joints
- Joints can be classified based on structure, function, number of degrees of freedom (DOF) and shape of articulating surfaces.
- Structure: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
- Function: synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), diarthroses (freely movable)
- DOF: number of independent planes of motion a joint can move within.
- Articulating Surfaces: flat, hinge, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket, planar/gliding
Hip Joint
- Classified as synovial, diarthroses, ball and socket
- Possesses 3 DOF and 6 movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation
UE Movements
- Cervical: flexion/extension, lateral flexion, rotation
- Shoulder: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, internal/external rotation, horizontal abduction/adduction
- Scapular: elevation/depression, abduction (protraction)/adduction (retraction), upward/downward rotation
LE Movements
- Hip: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, external and internal rotation
- Knee: flexion/extension
- Ankle and Foot: dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, inversion/eversion; supination/pronation, toes flex and extend
Palpation Techniques
- Responsive and Relaxed: Adapt touch based on structure size, use fingertips or whole hand
- Closing Eyes: Boosts awareness and helps visualize structures below skin
- Three Degrees of Freedom (DOF): Enables movement in 6 directions
- Rolling and Strumming: Helps differentiate textures of muscle, skin, bone, tendon, ligament, fascia, retinaculum, arteries, veins, bursae, nerves, lymph nodes
Movement Terms
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between body parts
- Extension: Straightening or increasing the angle between body parts
- Abduction: Moving away from the median plane
- Adduction: Moving toward the median plane
- Rotation: Medial (internal) and lateral (external) movements around a long or vertical axis
- Circumduction and Oblique Movements: Circular movements combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
Relating DOF to Shape and Articulating Surfaces
- Hinge: 1 DOF, 2 movements (flexion and extension); Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints
- Condyloid/Ovoid: 2 DOF, 4 movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction); Examples: 2nd-5th MCP joints
- Saddle/Sellar: Usually 2 DOF, 4 movements; Example: 1st MCP joint (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction)
- Ball and Socket: 3 DOF, 6 movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation)
- Planar/Gliding: Depends on the number of planes and articulations; Example: Scapula
Other Terms of Movement
- Eversion: Moving sole of foot away from median plane
- Inversion: Moving sole of foot towards median plane
- Dorsiflexion: Bending toes and foot towards shin
- Plantarflexion: Pointing toes and foot towards ground
- Supination: Rotating forearm and hand laterally so palm is anterior
- Pronation: Rotating forearm and hand medially so palm is posterior
- Opposition: Movement where first digit pad is brought to another digit pad
- Elevation: Raising or moving a part superiorly
- Depression: Lowering or moving a part inferiorly
- Horizontal Abduction and Adduction: Movement in the horizontal plane away from and towards the midline, respectively
Scapular Motions
- Elevation/Depression: Scapula moves along a vertical path
- Retraction: Medial border of scapula approaches the spine; adduction of scapula (squeezing shoulder blades together)
- Protraction: Scapula moves anteriorly along the chest wall; opposite of retraction
- Upward Rotation: Glenoid cavity of scapula faces upward; inferior angle of scapula moves laterally and upwards
- Downward Rotation: Opposite of upward rotation
Anatomical Position
- Standard Reference: Standing erect with head, eyes, and toes facing forward; upper limbs by sides with palms facing anteriorly; lower limbs parallel with toes facing forward.
- Descriptions: All movements are described assuming anatomical position as the starting point.
Planes and Axes
- Planes: Imaginary surfaces dividing the body for anatomical reference.
- Axes: Lines around which body movements take place.
- Movement: Primarily occurs within planes around an axis.
Anatomical Planes
- Sagittal Plane: Vertical plane dividing the body into right and left portions.
- Median Plane: A special sagittal plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves.
- Horizontal or Transverse Plane: Cuts through the body perpendicular to the median and coronal planes, dividing it into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
- Coronal or Frontal Plane: Vertical plane perpendicular to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Axes
- Frontal/Coronal Axis: Runs horizontally, perpendicular to the sagittal plane
- Sagittal/Anterior-Posterior Axis: Runs horizontally, perpendicular to the coronal/frontal plane
- Longitudinal/Superior-Inferior/Cephalo-Caudal/Vertical Axis: Runs vertically, parallel to the sagittal and coronal planes
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