BLOCK 3: AHE: (3.2) APPENDICULAR MSK SYSTEM: OVERVIEW

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary action of the subclavius muscle?

Adduct the arm

Depress the clavicle (correct)

Abduct the arm

Stabilize the shoulder

Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexion, extension, and abduction at the shoulder joint?

Rhomboid major

Deltoid (correct)

Infraspinatus

Latissimus dorsi

Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the rotator cuff?

Rhomboid minor (correct)

Teres minor

Infraspinatus

Supraspinatus

What is the action performed by the supraspinatus muscle?

Abduction of the arm Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for internal rotation and adduction of the upper limb?

Latissimus dorsi Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle acts to elevate the scapula?

Levator scapulae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles does NOT act on the humerus/arm?

Trapezius Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement does the teres minor muscle primarily assist with?

Lateral rotation Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary actions of the muscles in the upper limbs generally associated with?

Linking body mechanics to movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of fibrous joint?

Ball-and-socket Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue primarily surrounds synovial joints?

Articular capsule Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the orientation of a structure when it is located toward the midline of the body?

Medial Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes cartilaginous joints?

Joints connected by cartilage Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical terms, which direction does 'superior' refer to?

Higher than another structure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the ultimate goal of linking the skeletal and muscular systems?

To assist in future diagnoses Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for flexing the wrist and digits 2 through 5 at the MP and PIP joints?

Flexor digitorum superficialis Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of synovial joints?

They allow a wide range of motion Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle flexes the wrist and all joints of digits 2 through 5?

Flexor digitorum profundus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Flexor digitorum superficialis in finger movement?

Flexes the wrist and proximal joints of the fingers Signup and view all the answers

Which two muscles are mentioned as flexors of the digits?

Flexor digitorum superficialis and Flexor digitorum profundus Signup and view all the answers

What is the combined function of the Flexor digitorum superficialis and Flexor digitorum profundus?

Flex all joints of the fingers, but superficialis only does proximal joints Signup and view all the answers

What type of nerve damage may occur due to repetitive elbow flexion and extension?

Ulnar nerve damage Signup and view all the answers

Which carpal bone is most likely to fracture when falling with an outstretched arm?

Scaphoid Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for arm flexion and medial rotation?

Pectoralis major Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pectoralis minor muscle?

Protract and stabilize the scapula Signup and view all the answers

Localized neuritis in the region of the ulnar nerve may be caused by what?

Direct trauma Signup and view all the answers

What action is primarily facilitated by the serratus anterior muscle?

Stabilization and rotation of the scapula Signup and view all the answers

The compartment that compresses the ulnar nerve during elbow flexion is referred to as what?

Cubital tunnel Signup and view all the answers

Which joint does the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) articulate with?

Proximal interphalangeal joint Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle from the posterior compartment of the thigh is primarily responsible for lateral rotation when flexed?

Biceps femoris Signup and view all the answers

In which gluteal region should intramuscular injections be performed to avoid the sciatic nerve?

Upper outer quadrant Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medial meniscus?

Increase joint stability Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament allows for more lateral rotation in the knee joint?

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the gastrocnemius muscle?

Plantarflexion Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is a key dorsiflexor of the ankle joint?

Tibialis anterior Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for stabilizing the medial aspect of the extended knee?

Pes Anserinus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles aids in flexing the great toe?

Flexor hallucis longus Signup and view all the answers

Which movement do the lateral compartment muscles of the leg primarily facilitate?

Eversion Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the knee classified as?

Hinge joint Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group performs knee flexion and hip extension?

Hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a main muscle for ankle dorsal flexion?

Tibialis anterior Signup and view all the answers

The connection of the patella to the tibia is through which structure?

Patellar ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the flexor digitorum longus muscle?

Flexion of toes 2-5 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Appendicular Musculoskeletal System

Skeletal System: Identify bones of the body and their major landmarks by examining 2-D and 3-D representations to understand the functionality of the skeletal system and to build a foundation for terminology used in other organ systems.
Muscular System: Identify the muscles of the body and recall their basic actions to link body mechanics and aid in future diagnoses.

Upper and Lower Limbs

Joint Categorization: Joints are categorized by their surrounding connective tissue and degree of movement
Fibrous Joints:
- Sutures: Found between bones of the skull.
- Syndesmoses: Found between the fibula and tibia.
- Gomphoses: Found between teeth and the sockets in the maxilla and mandible.
Cartilaginous Joints:
- Synchondroses: Found between the first rib and the sternum.
- Symphyses: Found at the intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
Synovial Joints:
- Characterized by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.
- This fluid lubricates the joint and reduces friction.
- They are the most common type of joint in the body.
Ulnar Nerve Damage: Older patients may develop degenerative changes within the cubital tunnel, which compresses the ulnar nerve when the elbow joint is flexed. This can cause impaired function of the ulnar nerve due to repeated elbow flexion and extension.
Scaphoid Fracture: When falling with your arm outstretched, the scaphoid bone is likely to fracture.

Wrist, Hand, and Digits

Hand Joints:
- MP: Metacarpophalangeal joint
- PIP: Proximal interphalangeal joint
- DIP: Distal interphalangeal joint

Muscles of the Shoulder

Axio-Appendicular Muscles:
- Act on the pectoral girdle and the arm, crossing from the axial to the appendicular skeleton.

Anterior Axio-Appendicular Muscles

Pectoralis major:
- Arm flexion, adduction (movement towards the body), and medial/internal rotation.
Pectoralis minor:
- Protracts and stabilizes the scapula.
Serratus anterior:
- Stabilizes, retracts, and superiorly rotates the scapula.
Subclavius:
- Depresses the clavicle.

Posterior Axio-Appendicular Muscles

Trapezius:
- Elevates, depresses, rotates, and retracts the scapula.
Levator Scapulae:
- Elevates the scapula.
Rhomboid minor:
- Retracts and rotates the scapula.
Rhomboid major:
- Retracts and rotates the scapula.
Latissimus dorsi:
- Internal rotation and adduction of the upper limb.

Intrinsic Shoulder Muscles

Scapulohumeral Muscles:
- Act on the arm, crossing the shoulder joint and rotating, abducting, and adducting the arm.
Rotator Cuff Muscles:
- Supraspinatus: Abduction
- Infraspinatus: Lateral rotation
- Teres minor: Lateral rotation
- Subscapularis: Medial rotation
Deltoid:
- Flexion, extension, and abduction of the arm

Anterior Compartment (Layer 3)

Flexors of the digits:
- Flexor digitorum profundus: Flexes wrist and digits 2-5 at all joints - metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints.
Intramuscular Injections: A typical site for intramuscular injections is the gluteal region. The sciatic nerve passes through this region and needs to be avoided. The safest place to inject is the upper outer quadrant of either gluteal region.

Thigh - Posterior Compartment

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus: Main hip extensors and knee flexors.
- Biceps femoris: Lateral rotation when flexed, also rotates the knee medially when flexed.
- Semitendinosus: Also rotates the knee medially when flexed.
- Semimembranosus: Also rotates the knee medially when flexed.
Gracilis:
- Part of the "Pes Anserinus" group of muscles that cross both knee and hip joints contributing to stability of the medial aspect of the extended knee.

Knee Joint

Articulating Bones: Femur, tibia, and patella.
Joint Type: Diarthrotic hinge joint; also allows for gliding and rolling
Articulations: Medial and lateral femorotibial articulations, and femoraopattallar articulation.
Capsule: Fibrous capsule attaches from the superior margins of the femoral condyles and tibial plateau. The patella and associated ligaments replace the fibrous capsule on the anterior aspect.

Knee Joint Ligaments

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL): Prevents anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur.
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL): Prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur.
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL): Ligament on the medial side of the knee.
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL): Ligament on the lateral side of the knee.
Medial Meniscus: A C-shaped piece of fibrocartilage that cushions the medial side of the knee joint.
Lateral Meniscus: A C-shaped piece of fibrocartilage that cushions the lateral side of the knee joint.

Ankle - Plantarflexion vs. Dorsiflexion

Plantarflexion: Bending the foot downward.
Dorsiflexion: Bending the foot upward.

Digits - Flexion vs. Extension

Flexion: Bending the digits.
Extension: Straightening the digits.

Leg - Anterior Compartment

Dorsiflexors of the Ankle Joint:
- Tibialis anterior: Inverts the foot.
- Extensor hallucis longus: Extends the great toe.
- Extensor digitorum longus: Extends digits 2-5.

Leg - Lateral Compartment

Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis: Evert the foot and are weak plantarflexors.

Leg - Posterior Compartment (Superficial)

Gastrocnemius and Soleus: Main plantarflexors of the ankle joint.
- Gastrocnemius: Plantarflexes when the knee is extended; raises the heel when walking; flexes the leg at the knee joint.
- Soleus: Aids the gastrocnemius.
Plantaris: Aids the gastrocnemius.

Leg - Posterior Compartment (Deep)

Popliteus: Unlocks the knee by rotating the femur on the tibia. Medially rotates the tibia.
Flexor digitorum longus: Flexes digits 2-5.
Flexor hallucis longus: Flexes the great toe.
Tibialis posterior: Plantarflexes the foot and inverts the foot.

Bone Surface Markings - Processes

Tuberosity: Named for the bone it is on.
Notch: Named for what it articulates with.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge of the appendicular musculoskeletal system by identifying bones, muscles, and joints. This quiz covers key concepts related to the skeletal and muscular systems, including joint categorization and specific types of joints. Enhance your understanding and build a foundation for future studies in anatomy.