Musculoskeletal System Overview

Musculoskeletal System

• The musculoskeletal system encompasses all muscles, bones, joints, and related structures.
• Orthopedics is a medical branch focusing on preventing and correcting musculoskeletal deformities and diseases.

Major Bones of the Body

• Cranium: Skull
• Costa: Rib
• Sternum: Breastbone
• Spine: Backbone
• Vertebrae: Spinal bones (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)
• Clavicle: Collarbone
• Scapula: Shoulder blade
• Humerus: Upper arm bone
• Radius: One of the forearm bones
• Ulna: One of the forearm bones
• Carpals: Wrist bones
• Metacarpals: Hand bones
• Phalanges: Finger bones
• Ilium: Pelvic bone
• Ischium: Pelvic bone
• Pubis: Pelvic bone
• Femur: Thigh bone
• Patella: Knee cap
• Fibula: Lower leg bone
• Tibia: Lower leg bone
• Tarsals: Ankle bones
• Calcaneus: Heel bone
• Metatarsals: Foot bones
• Phalanges: Toe bones

Additional Word Parts and Their Meanings

• chondr/o: cartilage
• -de: down, from, reversing
• ankyl/o: stiff
• arth/o: articulation, joint, weakness
• burs/o: bursa
• ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o: tendon
• calc/i: calcium
• cellul/o: little cell or compartment

Connective Tissues and Support Structures

• Cartilage: A specialized dense connective tissue
• Chondral: Pertaining to cartilage
• Muscles: Composed of cells (fibers)
  • Cardiac muscle (heart)
  • Smooth muscle (internal organs)
  • Skeletal muscle (voluntary movement)
• Fascia: Fibrous membrane covering and separating muscles
• Tendons: Strong fibrous tissues connecting muscles to bones
• Articulation/Joint: Point where two or more bones meet
• Synovial joints: Joints with cavities between bones
• Synovium: Membrane surrounding cartilage in synovial joints
• Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction in joints

Movements and Structures

• Extension: Straightening a limb
• Flexion: Bending a limb
• Rotation: Movement around an axis
• Circumduction: Circular movement of a limb
• Ligaments: Strong bands connecting bones or cartilages for support

Conditions and Diseases

• Fibro-my-algia: Non-articular pain
• Myo-fibro-sis: Tissue replacement by fibrous tissue
• Dislocation: Bone displacement from a joint
• Fracture: Bone breaking
• Sprain: Joint injury
• Myo-cele/fascial hernia: Muscle protrusion
• Tendon-itis: Tendon inflammation
• Herniated disk: Ruptured disk between vertebrae
• Para-plegia: Paralysis of lower body parts
• Quadri/tetra-plegia: Paralysis of both upper and lower body parts
• Paresis: Partial paralysis or motor weakness
• Para-paresis: Partial paralysis of lower limbs
• Quadri/tetra-paresis: Partial paralysis of all limbs
• Cellulitis: Inflammation of deep subcutaneous tissue
• Myocellulitis: Muscle involvement with cellulitis
• Osteitis: Bone inflammation
• Osteochondritis: Bone and cartilage inflammation
• Sarcomas: Cancers from connective tissue (malignant)
  • Chondro-sarcoma: Cancer from cartilage
  • Fibro-sarcoma: Cancer from fibrous tissue
• Leukemias: Uncontrolled growth of leukocytes and their precursors
• Myel/o: Bone marrow
• -oma: Tumor
• Multiple myeloma: Tumor masses in bone and marrow
• Oste-itis deformans/Paget's diseases: Bone deformities
• Osteo-malacia: Bone softening
• Spondy/o-malacia: Vertebrae softening
• Osteo-porosis: Bone thinning

Cardiovascular System

• Organs: Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins
• Functions: Distribute blood, deliver needed substances, remove wastes
• Heart Layers:
  • Endocardium: Inner layer lining the heart chambers, reducing friction.
  • Myocardium: Thick muscle layer for contraction to pump blood.
  • Epicardium: Outer layer forming the visceral layer of pericardium, reduces friction during heartbeats.

Cardiovascular Combining Forms

• angi/o: Vessel
• aort/o: Aorta (major artery)
• arteri/o: Artery
• ather/o: Fatty substance
• atri/o: Atrium (heart chamber)
• cardi/o: Heart
• coron/o: Heart
• hemangi/o: Blood vessel
• phleb/o: Vein
• sphygm/o: Pulse
• steth/o: Chest
• thromb/o: Clot

Cardiovascular Combining forms (continued)

• valv/o: Valve
• valvul/o: Valve
• vascul/o: Blood vessel
• ven/o: Vein, duct
• ventricul/o: Ventricle (heart chamber)

Conducting System of the Heart

• Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
• Atrioventricular node
• Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
• Bundle branches
• Purkinje fibers

Electrocardiogram (ECG) Wave

• P wave: precedes atrial systole
• QRS complex: precedes ventricular systole
• T wave: precedes ventricular diastole

Word Building with Prefix -angio-

• angiogram: record of a vessel
• angiitis: inflammation of a vessel
• angioplasty: surgical repair of a vessel
• angiospasm: involuntary muscle contraction in a vessel
• angiostenosis: narrowing of a vessel

Word Building with prefix ather/o & atri/o

• atherectomy: surgical removal of fatty substance
• atheroma: fatty substance
• atrial: pertaining to the atrium
• interatrial: pertaining to between the atria

Word Building with cardi/o

bradycardia: slow heart rate

• electrocardiogram: record of heart's electrical activity
• cardiomegaly: enlarged heart muscle
• myocardial: pertaining to heart muscle
• cardiologist: heart specialist
• cardiorrhexis: ruptured heart
• tachycardia: rapid heart rate

Cardiovascular Pathology

• angina pectoris: severe chest pain due to decreased blood supply
• arrhythmia: Irregularity in heartbeat
• cardiac arrest: Complete stop of heart activity
• cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease
• congestive heart failure (CHF): Left ventricle weakness, ineffective blood pumping.
• coronary artery disease: Poor blood supply due to coronary artery blockage.
• endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart lining.
• myocardial infarction (MI): Heart attack (insufficient blood supply to heart)
• myocarditis: Inflammation of the heart muscle layer
• hypertension: high blood pressure
• hypotension: low blood pressure
• thrombophlebitis: inflammation of a vein due to blood clots within it.
• thrombus: Blood clot within a blood vessel.
• arteriosclerosis: Hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.

### Gastrointestinal System

• Organs: Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon
• Function: Mechanical and chemical digestion of food; absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste.

Digestive System Combining Forms

• an/o: Anus
• append/o: Appendix
• bucc/o: Cheek
• cec/o: Cecum
• chol/e: Bile, gall
• col/o: Colon
• dent/o: Tooth
• duoden/o: Duodenum
• enter/o: Small intestine
• esophag/o: Esophagus
• gastr/o: Stomach
• gingiv/o: Gums
• gloss/o: Tongue
• hepat/o: Liver
• ile/o: Ileum

Digestive System Suffixes

• -emesis: Vomit
• -lithiasis: Stone
• -orexia: Appetite
• -pepsia: Digestion
• -phagia: Eat, swallow
• -prandial: Pertaining to a meal

Word Building with append/o and appendic/o

• -ectomy: Surgical removal (append/ectomy)
• -itis: Inflammation (appendicitis)

Word Building with col/o and colon/o

• -ectomy: Removal (colectomy)
• -ostomy: New opening (colostomy)
• rect/o-al: Pertaining to colon and rectum (colorectal)
• -scope: Instrument to view (colonoscope)
• -ic: Pertaining to (colonic)

Word Building with duoden/o, enter/o, and esophag/o

• -al: Pertaining to (duodenal, enteric, esophageal)
• -ic: Pertaining to (enteritis)
• -eal: Pertaining to (esophageal)
• -ectasis: Dilation (esophagectasis)
• -algia: Pain (gastralgia)
• -ic: Pertaining to (gastric)
• -itis: Inflammation (enteritis, gastroenteritis)
• -ologist: Specialist (gastroenterologist)
• -scope: Instrument to view (gastroscope)
• -ectomy: Surgical removal (gastrectomy)

Word Building with hepat/o and ile/o

• -itis: Inflammation (hepatitis)
• -oma: Tumor (hepatoma)
• -ic: Pertaining to (hepatic)
• -otomy: Incision (laparotomy)
• -scope: Instrument to view (laparoscope).
• sub- -al: under (sublingual)
• Note:* Jejunum, lapar/o, lingu/o, pancreat/o, pharyng/o are described in additional building blocks.

Word Building with -emesis, -orexia, and -prandial

• hemat/o-hematemesis: Vomit blood
• hyper-: Excessive (hyperemesis)
• an-: Lack of (anorexia)
• dys-: Abnormal (dysorexia)
• post-: After (postprandial)

Word Building with -pepsia and -phagia

• brady-: Slow (bradypepsia)
• dys-: Difficulty (dyspepsia)
• a-: Lack of (aphagia)
• dys-: Difficulty (dysphagia)
• poly-: Many (polyphagia)

Eating Disorders

• Anorexia: Morbid refusal to eat to become thin.
• Bulimia: Eating and then purging.
• Obesity: Excessive body weight.

Disorders of the Stomach

• Achlorhydria: Lack of hydrochloric acid.
• Flatulence: Accumulation of gas.
• Dyspepsia: Difficulty digesting food.
• Gastritis: Any stomach inflammation.
• Gastroenteritis: Inflammation of stomach and small intestine.
• Hematemesis: Vomiting of blood.
• Hiatal hernia: Protrusion of stomach through diaphragm opening.

Liver Disorders

• Hepatomegaly: Enlarged liver.
• Hepatitis: Inflammation of liver.

Disorders of the Intestines

• Duodenal ulcers: Peptic ulcers in duodenum.
• Ileus: Intestinal blockage
• Appendicitis: Appendix inflammation.
• Colitis: Colon inflammation.
• Ulcerative colitis: Inflammation and ulcers in colon

Urinary System

• Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
• Function: Maintain stable internal environment, remove waste, regulate water and electrolyte levels, maintain pH.

Urinary System combining forms

• cyst/o: bladder
• glomerul/o: glomerulus
• glycos/o: sugar, glucose
• keton/o: Ketones
• lith/o: stone
• nephr/o: kidney
• pyel/o: renal pelvis
• ren/o: kidney
• ur/o: urine
• ureter/o: Ureter
• urethr/o: Urethra
• vesic/o: bladder

Urinary System suffixes

• lith: stone (-lithiasis, condition of stones)
• ptosis: drooping (-nephroptosis, drooping kidney)
• tripsy: surgical crushing (-litho-tripsy, surgical crushing of a stone)
• uria: urine (-glycosuria, sugar in the urine)
• -emla: in the blood

Word Building with nephr/o

• -ectomy: Removal (nephrectomy)
• -gram: Record (Nephrogram)
• -itis: Inflammation (nephritis)
• -lith: Stone (nephrolith)
• -logist: Specialist (nephrologist)
• -malacia: Softening (nephromalacia)
• -megaly: Enlargement (nephromegaly)
• -oma: Tumor (nephroma)
• -osis: Abnormal condition (nephrosis)
• -ptosis: Drooping (nephroptosis)
• -pathy: Disease (nephropathy)

Word Building with ren/o and ur/o

• -al: Pertaining to (renal, urethral)
• -logist: Specialist (urologist)
• -emia: In the blood (-uremia, urea in the blood)

Word Building with urethr/o

• -al: Pertaining to (urethral)
• -algia: Pain (urethralgia)
• -itis: Inflammation (urethritis)
• -rrhagia: Rapid bleeding (urethrorrhagia)
• -scope: Instrument to view (urethroscope)
• -stenosis: Narrowing (urethrostenosis)

Word Building with -uria

• an-: Lack of (anuria)
• bacteri/o: Bacteria (-bacteriuria, bacteria in the urine)
• dys-: Difficult or painful (-dysuria)
• glycos/o: Sugar (-glycosuria)
• hemat/o: Blood (-hematuria)
• keton/o: Ketones (-ketonuria)

Urinary System Vocabulary

• anuria: Absence of urine production
• urology: Branch of medicine dealing with urinary system diseases
• urinary retention: Inability to empty the bladder.
• catheter: Flexible tube inserted into the body
• diuresis: Increased formation and secretion of urine.
• enuresis: Involuntary urination.

Explore the essential components of the musculoskeletal system, including major bones and their functions. This quiz covers key terms related to orthopedics and helps reinforce your understanding of anatomy. Perfect for students of anatomy and related health sciences.