Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the skeletal system in the human body?

  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Production of hormones
  • Support, protection, movement, and storage haemopoiesis (correct)
  • Absorption of nutrients from food

    • What is the term for the outer layer of the diaphysis?

  • Metaphysis
  • Epiphyseal line
  • Diaphysis
  • Periosteum (correct)

    • What is the function of articular cartilage?

  • Storage of nutrients
  • Transmission of loads with high friction
  • Transmission of loads with little friction (correct)
  • Production of synovial fluid

    • What is the term for the region between the epiphysis and metaphysis?

    <p>Epiphyseal line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone tissue is located within the epiphysis and metaphysis?

    <p>Spongy bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the body of a long bone?

    <p>Diaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of compact bone?

    <p>Support and protection of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of producing blood cells?

    <p>Haemopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the classification of bones based on their shape?

    <p>Long, flat, irregular, and sesamoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cavity within a bone that contains marrow?

    <p>Medulla cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Bony Thorax?

    <p>Protection of organs and muscle attachment, as well as respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the axial and appendicular skeletons?

    <p>The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, while the appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the region of the vertebral column associated with the stomach?

    <p>Lumbar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones are found in the proximal part of the lower limb (human)?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bones found in the feet?

    <p>Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the point of attachment of a muscle to a bone?

    <p>Insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the point of origin of a muscle belly?

    <p>Origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of muscle contraction that involves a change in length, but no change in tension?

    <p>Isotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a muscle that contracts to produce movement?

    <p>Prime mover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the antagonist muscle when the prime mover contracts?

    <p>It relaxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Endochondral ossification?

    <p>It occurs within a cartilage model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of excess GH before the closure of epiphysis?

    <p>Tall stature, long bones, and delayed puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of PTH?

    <p>Regulation of calcium and phosphate in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of isometric muscles?

    <p>Change in tension, no change in length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of too much PTH?

    <p>Increase in calcium in blood plasma and decrease in bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical arrangement of muscles in terms of nerve and blood supply?

    <p>Same nerve and blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of vitamin D?

    <p>Helps absorb calcium and phosphate in the GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low vitamin C levels?

    <p>Scurvy in adults and barlow's disease in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of muscle fiber found in duck breasts?

    <p>Slow twitch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by a cavity?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of oestrogen?

    <p>Reduces bone resorption, stimulates bone development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Wolff's Law?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of bone growth that occurs via the division of chondroblasts from within cartilage?

    <p>Interstitial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Osteoarthritis?

    <p>Joint degeneration of articular cartilage and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of bone growth that occurs via the differentiation of cells from the surface or perichondrium?

    <p>Appositional growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Sarcopenia?

    <p>Age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and decline in strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of indirect bone growth via interstitial cartilage?

    <p>Epiphyseal growth plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bone growth that occurs directly via appositional growth at the bone surface?

    <p>Circumferential growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in cell size, not number?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in cell number, not size?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) in the body?

    <p>Regulation of calcium and phosphate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the adaptation of bone strength in response to mechanical stress?

    <p>Wolff's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of excess GH before the closure of epiphysis?

    <p>Gigantism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oestrogen in bone maintenance?

    <p>Stimulating bone development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of bone growth that occurs via the division of chondroblasts from within cartilage?

    <p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of too much Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

    <p>Increased risk of kidney stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the degeneration of articular cartilage and bone?

    <p>Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vitamin D in bone maintenance?

    <p>Regulation of calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and decline in strength?

    <p>Sarcopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low vitamin C levels?

    <p>Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone growth occurs via the differentiation of cells from the surface or perichondrium?

    <p>Periosteal ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in cell size, not number?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of excess GH before the closure of epiphysis?

    <p>Gigantism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of PTH?

    <p>Regulation of calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Endochondral ossification?

    <p>Replacement of cartilage with bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of bone growth that occurs directly via appositional growth at the bone surface?

    <p>Appositional growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in cell number, not size?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle contraction occurs when there is a change in tension but no change in length?

    <p>Isometric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of bone growth that occurs via the division of chondroblasts from within cartilage?

    <p>Interstitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of too much PTH?

    <p>Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in cell size, not number?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of bone growth that occurs via the division of chondroblasts from within cartilage?

    <p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of indirect bone growth via interstitial cartilage?

    <p>Epiphyseal growth plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Sarcopenia?

    <p>Loss of muscle mass with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of bone growth that occurs directly via appositional growth at the bone surface?

    <p>Circumferential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical arrangement of muscles in terms of nerve and blood supply?

    <p>Compartments with same nerve and blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle fiber is found in duck breasts?

    <p>Slow twitch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the joint characterized by a cavity?

    <p>Synovial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of excess GH before the closure of epiphysis?

    <p>Gigantism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of PTH?

    <p>Regulating calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone growth occurs via the differentiation of cells from the surface or perichondrium?

    <p>Perichondrial ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in cell size, not number?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of PTH?

    <p>Regulation of calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of excess GH before the closure of epiphysis?

    <p>Gigantism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Endochondral ossification?

    <p>Occur in cartilaginous models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bone growth that occurs directly via appositional growth at the bone surface?

    <p>Appositional growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of bone growth that occurs via the division of chondroblasts from within cartilage?

    <p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of vitamin D?

    <p>Regulation of calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low vitamin C levels?

    <p>Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in cell number, not size?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Musculoskeletal System

    • Muscular systems terminology: "my", "myo", "musc"
    • Skeletal systems terminology: "os", "osteo", "oss"

    Skeletal System

    • Functions: support, protection, movement, storage, haemopoiesis
    • Classification: long, flat, irregular, short, sesamoid
    • Bone structure:
      • Epiphysis: end of each long bone
      • Metaphysis: attached to the epiphysis
      • Diaphysis: long bone (body of bone)
      • Periosteum: outer layer of the diaphysis
      • Compact bone: within the diaphysis with marrow/medulla cavity
      • Spongy bone: within the epiphysis and metaphysis
    • Articular Cartilage:
      • Smooth, slippery surface (20x more slippery than ice)
      • Transmission of loads with little friction
      • Devoid of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

    Bone Structure

    • Cavity of bone: filled with compact cortical (less dense) and cancellous spongy trabecular (denser)
    • Compact cortical: within the cavity of the metaphysis and epiphysis
    • Compact cortical: located at the diaphysis

    Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

    • Axial skeleton: skull/cranium, vertebral column, bony thorax
    • Appendicular skeleton: limbs (appendages), pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

    Skull

    • Made up of many bones
    • Divided into 2 regions:
      • Face (viscerocranium)
      • Head (neurocranium)

    Vertebral Column Regions

    • Cervical: lower head/neck
    • Thoracic: ribcage
    • Lumbar: stomach
    • Sacral: hips
    • Coccygeal (Caudals): below hips

    Limbs

    • Upper limbs (humans) / Forelimb (quadrupeds):
      • 1 bone for proximal part
      • Humerus in arms
      • Femur in legs
    • Lower limb (human) / Hindlimb (quadrupeds):
      • 2 bones
      • Radius and Ulna in forearms
      • Fibula and Tibia in lower legs
    • Hands and Feet contain short bones
      • Hands: Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges
      • Feet: Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges

    Muscles

    • Muscle structure:
        1. Muscle
        1. Fascicle
        1. Muscle fibre cell
        1. Myofibril
        1. Myofilaments
    • Muscle mass: usually proximal to limb and tendon
    • Muscles contract by shortening, always pull, never push
    • Muscles always span joints or multiple joints to move
    • Muscle contractions:
      • Isotonic:
        • Concentric: muscle shortens
        • Eccentric: muscle lengthens, used against force
      • Isometric: change in tension, no change in length

    Joints

    • Cavitated: Synovial (freely moving)
    • Solid:
      • Fibrous:
        • Gomphosis (teeth)
        • Syndesmosis (Tibiofibular)
        • Suture (Skull)
      • Cartilages:
        • Primary (Synchondrosis, growth plates)
        • Secondary (Symphysis, pelvis)

    Bone Growth

    • Hypertrophy: increased cell size, not number
    • Hyperplasia: increased cell number, not size
    • Types of bone growth:
      • Interstitial: division of chondroblast from within cartilage
      • Appositional: differentiation of cells from surface or perichondrium
      • Longitudinal: indirect growth via interstitial cartilage at growth plate and ossification
      • Circumferential: occurs directly via oppositional growth at bone surface

    Hormones

    • Gigantism: excess GH before closure of epiphysis, tall stature, long bones, delayed puberty
    • Acromegaly: excess GH after epiphysis closure, unaffected height and gonads, facial characteristics changed
    • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):
      • Regulates Calcium and Phosphate in body
      • Released from parathyroid glands
      • Effects of too much/too little PTH on calcium levels and bone health
    • Vitamin D: works with PTH to help absorb Calcium and Phosphate in GI tract
    • Calcitonin: opposes PTH, reduces blood plasma Calcium from thyroid glands
    • Vitamin C: involved in collagen synthesis
    • Oestrogen: reduces bone resorption, stimulates bone development
    • Testosterone: reduces bone resorption, stimulates bone development, increases muscle mass

    PEDs and Hormone Modulators

    • Erythropoietin (EPO): affects erythropoiesis
    • Anabolic androgen steroid (AAS): testosterone
    • Peptide hormones + releasing factors: GH
    • Growth factors and modulators: IGF-1, VEGF
    • Hormone and metabolic modulator: anti-oestrogen

    Wolff's Law

    • Optimisation of bone strength with respect to bone mass
    • Alignment of trabeculae with principle of stress direction
    • Self-regulation of bone cells responding to mechanical stimulus
    • Increased mechanical loading = Increased bone strength (Greater mineralisation and bone mass and decreased porosity)

    Osteoarthritis and Sarcopenia

    • Osteoarthritis: joint degeneration of articular cartilage and bone, progressive, joint pain only present when bone is damaged
    • Sarcopenia: age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and decline in strength, decrease in size and quality of muscle, presence of 50% in 80-year-olds

    Bone Development

    • Cartilage is retained between the epiphysis and the shaft
    • Endochondral ossification: bone formation within cartilage
    • Intramembranous ossification: bone formation within a membrane

    Hormones

    • Gigantism: excess GH before epiphysis closure, resulting in tall stature and long bones
    • Acromegaly: excess GH after epiphysis closure, resulting in facial characteristic changes, but unaffected height and gonads
    • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):
      • Regulates calcium and phosphate in the body
      • Released from parathyroid glands
      • Excess PTH: increases calcium in blood plasma, decreases bone calcium, and increases risk of kidney stones and osteoporosis
      • Insufficient PTH: decreases calcium in blood plasma, causes muscle rigidity and spasms
    • Vitamin D: works with PTH to help absorb calcium and phosphate in the GI tract
    • Calcitonin: opposes PTH, reduces blood plasma calcium, and is released from thyroid glands
    • Vitamin C: involved in collagen synthesis, and deficiency can cause scurvy or barlow's disease
    • Oestrogen: reduces bone resorption, stimulates bone development, and plays a big part in bone maintenance
    • Testosterone: reduces bone resorption, stimulates bone development, and increases muscle mass

    PEDs

    • Erythropoietin (EPO): affects erythropoiesis
    • Anabolic androgen steroid (AAS): testosterone
    • Peptide hormones + releasing factors: GH
    • Growth factors and modulators: IGF-1, VEGF
    • Hormone and metabolic modulator: anti-oestrogen

    Wolff's Law

    • Bones adapt to mechanical loading by increasing strength, mineralization, and bone mass, and decreasing porosity
    • Trabeculae align with the principle of stress direction

    Bone Disorders

    • Osteoarthritis: joint degeneration of articular cartilage and bone, progressive, and joint pain only present when bone is damaged
    • Sarcopenia: age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and decline in strength, decrease in size and quality of muscle

    Muscle

    • Muscle types: fast twitch (chicken breasts) or slow twitch (duck breasts)
    • Muscle arrangement: into compartments, typically with the same nerve and blood supply
    • Isometric: change in tension, no change in length
    • Muscle contraction: always pulls, never pushes, and muscles always span joints or multiple to move

    Bone Growth

    • Hypertrophy: increased cell size, not number
    • Hyperplasia: increased cell number, not size
    • Types of bone growth:
      • Interstitial: division of chondroblast from within cartilage
      • Appositional: differentiation of cells from the surface or perichondrium
      • Longitudinal: indirect growth via interstitial cartilage at growth plate and ossification
      • Circumferential: occurs directly via oppositional growth at bone surface

    Bone Structure

    • Epiphysis: end of each long bone
    • Metaphysis: attached to the epiphysis
    • Diaphysis: long bone (body of bone)
    • Outer layer of Epiphysis: has an articular surface/cartilage
    • Spongy bone: located within the epiphysis and metaphysis
    • Compact bone: within the diaphysis with marrow/medulla cavity
    • Periosteum: outer layer of the diaphysis
    • Articular cartilage: smooth, slippery surface, transmits loads with little friction, devoid of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

    Musculoskeletal System

    • Terminology: muscular systems = "my", "myo", "musc", skeletal systems = "os", "osteo", "oss"
    • Function: support, protection, movement, storage, and haemopoiesis
    • Classification: long, flat, irregular, short, and sesamoid

    Bone Section Summary

    • Axial: skull/cranium, vertebral column, bony thorax
    • Appendicular: limbs (appendages), pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

    The Skull

    • Made up of many bones
    • Split into 2 regions: face (viscerocranium) and head (neurocranium)

    Vertebral Column Regions

    • Cervical: lower head/neck
    • Thoracis: ribcage
    • Lumbar: stomach
    • Sacral: hips
    • Coccygeal (Caudals): below hips

    Limbs

    • Upper limbs (humans) Forelimb (quadrupeds): 1 bone for proximal part
    • Lower limb (human) Hindlimb (quadrupeds): 2 bones
    • Hands and feet: full of short bones

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of the musculoskeletal system, including the functions and classification of skeletal systems, and the structure of bones.

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