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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the musculoskeletal system?
What type of muscle composes the skeletal muscle?
What is the source of blood supply to the upper extremities?
What is the function of the fibula bone?
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What is the classification of bones based on their shape?
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What is the term for the decrease in bone density after age 35?
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What is the function of tendons in the musculoskeletal system?
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What is the primary purpose of assessing the whole patient when managing musculoskeletal injuries?
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What is the purpose of periosteum in the bone structure?
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What is the term for the joints that allow for various types of movement?
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Study Notes
Musculoskeletal Injuries
- One of the most common reasons patients seek medical attention, often resulting in disability rather than fatality
- Must assess for life-threatening injuries before focusing on musculoskeletal injuries
- Importance of assessing the whole patient, not just the injury (x, C, D, E)
Musculoskeletal System
- Gives the body its shape and allows for movement
- Protects fragile organs and structures beneath the bones
- Bones form the framework, maintaining erect posture
- Muscles contract, generating force transferred to bones and joints
Muscle Composition
- Three main types: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle
- Skeletal muscle composes of specialized cells that contract when stimulated
- Contraction requires energy from glucose metabolism, producing lactic acid
Skeletal Muscle Function
- Innervated by somatic motor neurons, forming a motor unit
- Supplied with arteries, veins, and nerves
- Blood supply originates from the subclavian artery (upper extremities) and external iliac arteries (lower extremities)
Skeletal System
- Comprised of 206 bones, divided into axial and appendicular skeleton
- Axial skeleton includes bones of the central part of the body
- Appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and bones of the upper and lower extremities
Upper and Lower Extremities
- Upper extremities: upper arm, elbow, forearm, hand, wrist, and finger bones
- Lower extremities: bones of the thigh, leg, and foot
- Tibula and fibula make up the lower leg
- Fibula serves as the lateral stabilizer of the ankle joint
Joints
- Formed where two bones come in contact
- Allow for various types of movement (flexion, extension, adduction, etc.)
- Classified based on shape (long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones)
Bone Classification
- Long bones: longer than they are wide
- Short bones: nearly as wide as they are long
- Flat bones: thin and broad
- Irregular bones: complex shapes
- Sesamoid bones: round bones, often found in tendons
Bone Structure
- Diaphysis, epiphysis, and metaphysis make up the long bone
- Articular cartilage covers the area where two bones meet
- Periosteum covers the bone surface not in contact with articular cartilage
Tendons, Ligaments, and Cartilage
- Tendons connect skeletal muscle to bone
- Ligaments connect bone to bone, maintaining joint stability
- Cartilage consists of collagen fibers embedded in a gelatinous substance
Bone Density and Aging
- Bone density decreases after age 35, leading to height loss and facial structure changes
- Accelerated bone density loss in women after menopause
- Osteoporosis: significant decrease in bone density, increasing fracture risk
Musculoskeletal Injuries
- Sports injuries, intentional trauma, and pathologic fractures common causes
- Mechanism of injury: direct blows, indirect forces, twisting, and high-energy injuries
- Identify the point of contact and mechanism of injury to decrease the chance of overlooking other injuries
Musculoskeletal Injuries
- Musculoskeletal injuries are a common reason for seeking medical attention, often resulting in disability rather than fatality.
- It's crucial to assess for life-threatening injuries before focusing on musculoskeletal injuries.
Musculoskeletal System Functions
- The musculoskeletal system gives the body its shape and allows for movement.
- It protects fragile organs and structures beneath the bones.
- Bones form the framework, maintaining erect posture.
- Muscles contract, generating force transferred to bones and joints.
Muscle Types and Composition
- There are three main types of muscles: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle.
- Skeletal muscle is composed of specialized cells that contract when stimulated.
- Contraction requires energy from glucose metabolism, producing lactic acid.
Skeletal Muscle Function and Supply
- Skeletal muscles are innervated by somatic motor neurons, forming a motor unit.
- They are supplied with arteries, veins, and nerves.
- The blood supply originates from the subclavian artery (upper extremities) and external iliac arteries (lower extremities).
Skeletal System Components
- The skeletal system consists of 206 bones, divided into axial and appendicular skeleton.
- The axial skeleton includes bones of the central part of the body.
- The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and bones of the upper and lower extremities.
Upper and Lower Extremities
- Upper extremities include the upper arm, elbow, forearm, hand, wrist, and finger bones.
- Lower extremities include the bones of the thigh, leg, and foot.
- The tibia and fibula make up the lower leg.
- The fibula serves as the lateral stabilizer of the ankle joint.
Joints and Movement
- Joints form where two bones come in contact, allowing for various types of movement (flexion, extension, adduction, etc.).
- Joints are classified based on shape (long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones).
Bone Classification and Structure
- Long bones are longer than they are wide.
- Short bones are nearly as wide as they are long.
- Flat bones are thin and broad.
- Irregular bones have complex shapes.
- Sesamoid bones are round bones, often found in tendons.
- The diaphysis, epiphysis, and metaphysis make up the long bone.
- Articular cartilage covers the area where two bones meet.
- Periosteum covers the bone surface not in contact with articular cartilage.
Tendons, Ligaments, and Cartilage
- Tendons connect skeletal muscle to bone.
- Ligaments connect bone to bone, maintaining joint stability.
- Cartilage consists of collagen fibers embedded in a gelatinous substance.
Bone Density and Aging
- Bone density decreases after age 35, leading to height loss and facial structure changes.
- Accelerated bone density loss occurs in women after menopause.
- Osteoporosis is a significant decrease in bone density, increasing fracture risk.
Musculoskeletal Injuries Causes and Assessment
- Common causes of musculoskeletal injuries include sports injuries, intentional trauma, and pathologic fractures.
- The mechanism of injury includes direct blows, indirect forces, twisting, and high-energy injuries.
- Identifying the point of contact and mechanism of injury decreases the chance of overlooking other injuries.
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Description
Learn about musculoskeletal injuries, a common reason for seeking medical attention, and the importance of assessing the whole patient. Also, understand the musculoskeletal system and its functions.
