Musculoskeletal System Overview and Major Bones

Musculoskeletal System Overview

• The musculoskeletal system encompasses the muscles and skeleton.
• It includes muscles, bones, joints, and related structures.
• Orthopedics is the medical branch focusing on preventing and correcting musculoskeletal deformities and diseases.

Major Bones of the Body

• Cranium: Skull
• Costa: Rib
• Sternum: Breastbone
• Spine: Backbone
• Vertebrae: Spinal bones (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx).
• Clavicle: Collarbone
• Scapula: Shoulder blade
• Humerus: Upper arm bone
• Radius & Ulna: Forearm bones
• Carpals: Wrist bones
• Metacarpals: Hand bones
• Phalanges: Finger bones
• Ilium, Ischium, Pubis: Pelvic bones
• Femur: Thigh bone
• Patella: Knee cap
• Tibia & Fibula: Lower leg bones
• Tarsals: Ankle bones
• Calcaneus: Heel bone
• Metatarsals: Foot bones
• Phalanges: Toes

Specialized Tissues

• Cartilage: Dense connective tissue
• Chondral: Pertaining to cartilage
• Muscles: Composed of cells (fibers)
  • Cardiac: Heart muscle
  • Smooth: Involuntary muscles (internal organs)
  • Skeletal: Voluntary muscles (e.g., abductors, adductors)
• Fascia: Fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles
• Tendon: Strong fibrous tissue attaching muscles to bones

Joints & Movements

• Articulation/Joint: Union point between two or more bones.
• Synovial Joints: Joints with cavities between articulating bones
• Synovium: Membrane surrounding cartilage in synovial joints
• Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs cushioning joints during movement
• Extension: Straightening a limb
• Flexion: Bending a limb
• Rotation: Bone movement around its axis

Musculoskeletal Disorders

• Fibromyalgia: Non-articular pain (torso, extremities, face)
• Myofibrosis: Tissue replacement with fibrous tissue
• Dislocation: Bone displacement from joint
• Fracture (fx): Bone breaking
• Sprain: Joint injury
• Myocele/fascial hernia: Muscle protruding through covering
• Tendonitis: Tendon inflammation
• Herniated Disc: Ruptured disc between vertebrae
• Para/plegia: Paralysis (lower body or both hands, legs)
• Quadriplegia/tetraplegia: Paralysis (all four limbs)
• Paresis: Motor weakness or partial paralysis
• Para/tetraparesis: Partial paralysis (lower limbs or all limbs)
• Cellulitis: Deep subcutaneous tissue inflammation
• Osteitis: Bone inflammation
• Osteochondritis: Inflammation of bones and cartilage
• Sarcomas: Cancers arising from connective tissue
• Chondrosarcoma: Malignant tumor of cartilage
• Fibrosarcoma: Malignant tumor of fibrous tissue
• Leukemia: Unextrolled/Unrestrained growth of certain blood cells' (leukocytes).

Additional Medical Terminology

• Myel/o: Bone marrow

• -oma: Tumor

• Multiple myeloma: Presence of many tumors in bone marrow

• Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease): Bone disorder

• -malacia: Abnormal softening

• Osteomalacia: Bone softening

• Spondylomalacia: Vertebrae softening

• -porosis: Thinning

• Osteoporosis: Bone thinning

• Kyphosis: Hunchback

• Scoliosis: Lateral spinal curvature

• Spina Bifida: Congenital spinal deformity

• Craniocele: Hernial protrusion of brain through skull

• Tarsoptosis: Flattening of foot arch

• Rheumatoid arthritis: Inflammatory joint disease

• Spondylarthritis: Vertebrae joint inflammation

• Ankylosis: Stiffness or immobility

• Bursitis: Sac inflammation around the joint

• -scopy: Visual examination

• Endo-: Inside

• Scope: Instrument to view

• -tomy: Incision creating access or removal

• -pathy: Disease condition

• Arthroscopy: Visual examination of joint

• Arthroscope: Instrument to view inside joint

• Arthrotomy: Surgical incision into joint

• Arthropathy: Joint disease

• Centesis: Surgical puncture

• Myelography: Study of bone marrow

• Suppression: Inhibiting activity

• -plasty: Surgical reconstruction/replacement

• Arthrocentesis: Surgical puncture into joint

• Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction or replacement of joint

This quiz covers the essential aspects of the musculoskeletal system, including its components such as muscles, bones, and joints. It also delves into the major bones of the body and specialized tissues like cartilage. Test your knowledge on the structure and function of this vital system!