Musculoskeletal Structures and Movements
38 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of ligaments?

  • Support muscle contraction
  • Connect bone to bone (correct)
  • Connect muscle to bone
  • Protect organs

    • Eversion refers to the turning of a body part inwards.

    False

    What type of injury results from repetitive forces on the body?

    Repetitive injury

    The movement towards the midline of the body is known as ______.

    <p>adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following injury types with their descriptions:

    <p>Abrasion = Scrape on the skin surface Laceration = Tear caused by shearing or crushing forces Incision = Clean cut usually longer than it is deep Fracture = Break in the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury is classified as a blunt injury?

    <p>Fracture from a fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Penetrating injuries are caused by blunt objects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle responds to pain impulses from a broken bone?

    <p>Muscle spasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following injuries involves a stretched or torn ligament?

    <p>Sprain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An open fracture poses a danger of contamination from the outside.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs and symptoms of fractures summarized by the acronym PILSDUCT?

    <p>Pain, Irregularity, Loss of movement, Swelling, Deformity, Unnatural movement, Crepitus, Tenderness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An avulsion occurs when a tendon or ligament is pulled and takes a piece of __________ with it.

    <p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of fracture to its description:

    <p>Transverse = Break at a 90-degree angle to the bone Comminuted = Three or more places fragmented on the same bone Spiral = Caused by torsional force along the bone Greenstick = Common in children, bones are partially broken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury is often caused by slips, trips, and falls?

    <p>Sprain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contusions can only appear as a single color.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be assessed when determining the presence of a fracture?

    <p>Pain, pulses, pallor, paraesthesia, paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inability to weight bear is a common symptom associated with __________ and __________.

    <p>sprains, strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the most serious potential complications of fractures?

    <p>Blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Avulsion fractures are caused by the bone being pushed together.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a distraction when assessing an injury?

    <p>Distracting injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ assessment method begins with checking the patient's pain and then evaluating their pulses.

    <p>5P's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fracture type is described as occurring at an angle?

    <p>Oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of splinting a limb injury?

    <p>To stabilize sprains and avoid further damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A traction splint is used for mid shaft femur fractures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one complication of using an arterial tourniquet.

    <p>Tissue and nerve damage distal to the tourniquet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four stages of wound healing include haemostasis, inflammation, __________, and remodelling.

    <p>proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of shock with their descriptions:

    <p>Hypovolaemic shock = Caused by a reduction in circulating volume Distributive shock = Widespread vasodilation causing relative hypovolaemia Obstructive shock = Due to mechanical compression of the heart Cardiogenic shock = Inadequate blood flow due to heart issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done first when managing severe external bleeding?

    <p>Apply direct pressure to the wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rigid collars are still commonly used for spinal immobilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for controlling bleeding from a superficial wound?

    <p>Direct pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the _________ phase of wound healing, neutrophils and macrophages work to remove debris.

    <p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the splint types with their uses:

    <p>Cardboard splint = Limb injuries Box splint = Limb injuries Traction splint = Mid shaft femur fractures Collar splint = Suspected spinal injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock results from widespread vasodilation?

    <p>Distributive shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemostasis occurs within the first few seconds of a wound injury.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of dressing a wound?

    <p>To control bleeding, prevent infection, and protect the wound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ survey assesses for catastrophic haemorrhage, airway, and ventilation.

    <p>primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bleeding is characterized by steady flow and is easier to control?

    <p>Venous bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Splinting should be done if there is obvious resistance at the injury site.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Musculoskeletal Structures

    • Bones are connected by ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
    • Ligaments connect bone to bone, providing joint stability.
    • Tendons connect muscle to bone, enabling movement.
    • Skeletal muscle contracts and relaxes to produce motion.
    • Joints allow for various movements.

    Range of Movement Terminology

    • Abduction: Movement away from the midline.
    • Adduction: Movement towards the midline.
    • Eversion: Turning outwards.
    • Inversion: Turning inwards.
    • External Rotation: Turning away from the midline.
    • Internal Rotation: Turning towards the midline.
    • Pronation: Turning downwards.
    • Supination: Turning upwards.

    Mechanism of Injury

    • Direct: Forces causing injury at the impact site.
    • Indirect: Forces causing injuries away from the impact site.
    • Blunt: Caused by blunt objects.
    • Penetrating: Caused by a sharp object.
    • Twisting/Shearing: Occur in limbs when proximal region rotation causes injury.
    • Repetitive: Repetitive forces causing hard or soft tissue damage.

    Injury Types

    • Bone Fractures: Painful, muscular spasms, potential for further injury.
    • Skin Lacerations: Four stages of healing: homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
    • Blood Loss: Can occur directly from vessel damage or indirectly from bone and marrow damage.

    Soft Tissue Injuries

    • Abrasions: Skin scraping, can be significant.
    • Lacerations: Tissue tears caused by shearing or crushing, irregular shape.
    • Incisions: Caused by sharp edges, longer than deeper, clean edges.
    • Puncture Wounds: Stab wounds, depth greater than length.
    • Contusions: Bruises, color varies based on healing stage.
    • Avulsion: Injury pulls away part of the bone with soft tissue.
    • Amputations: Generally smaller body parts, e.g., fingers.

    Sprains & Strains

    • Sprains: Stretched or torn ligament, common in wrist, ankle, and knee, caused by sports, slips, trips.
    • Strains: Stretched or torn tendon/muscle, common in sports, overuse, or sudden force.
    • Both associated with avulsion fractures.
    • Symptoms: pain, deformity, swelling, bruising, inability to weight bear.
    • Difficult to distinguish in an out-of-hospital setting.

    Fractures

    • Difficult to determine type outside a hospital.
    • Generally very painful, potential for further injury.
    • Consider patient's medical history, e.g., Parkinson's disease.
    • Analgesic medication needed.

    Types of Fractures

    • Transverse: Break at 90 degrees to bone, simple fracture.
    • Oblique: Break at an angle.
    • Spiral: Caused by torsional force, follows force pattern.
    • Comminuted: Three or more fractures on the same bone.
    • Avulsion: Tendon or ligament pulls a piece of bone.
    • Impacted: Bone ends jammed together.
    • Fissure: Splinter of bone pulled away from main shaft, common in long bones.
    • Greenstick: Incomplete fracture, common in children.
    • Open (Compound): Break with external communication, risk of contamination, blood loss outside body, neurovascular compromise.
    • Closed (Simple): Break without external communication, blood loss inside the body.

    Distracting Injuries

    • Injuries that distract from other, potentially more serious, injuries.

    Assessing Injuries

    • 5 Ps:

      • Pain: Presence, location, SOCRATES.
      • Pulses: Palpable or absent, mark location for future assessment.
      • Pallor: Skin color, integrity, capillary refill.
      • Paraesthesia: Sensory deficits, tingling, numbness, compare to opposite side.
      • Paralysis: Motor deficits, limb movement, compare to opposite side.

    • History:

      • Noises heard?
      • Weight-bearing ability?
      • Range of motion: active, passive, resisted.

    • Inspection:

      • Deformity: skin depression, exposed bone, angulation.
      • Swelling, bruising, laceration, abrasions, punctures, redness, asymmetry.

    • Palpation:

      • Tenderness, warmth/cold, bony deformity, crepitus, stiffness.

    • Key Notes:

      • Swelling, deformity, or displacement can compromise nerve and vascular supply.
      • Fractures can sever blood vessels and nerves.
      • Dislocations can compress vessels, nerves, and soft tissue.
      • Joint injuries have high risk of nerve and vessel injury.
      • Unstable injuries cause pain, further damage, and potential nerve/vessel injury.
      • Manipulating fractures increases risk of bone fragment or fat embolism.

    Spinal Injuries

    • Assessing Spinal Injuries:
      • Start manual inline stabilisation (MILS) if spinal injury suspected.
      • If no C-spine injury suspected:
        • Ask patient to turn head side-to-side.
        • Palpate for deformity.
        • Ask patient to touch chin to chest and then to the ceiling.
        • If pain occurs, stop and manage as spinal injury.

    Fracture Management Principles

    • Control any haemorrhage.
    • Reverse blood supply disruption.
    • Stabilize sprains to prevent further damage and reduce pain.
    • Stabilize patient.
    • Manage pain.
    • Assess circulation, motor, and sensory function before and after splinting.
    • Splint unless obvious resistance.

    Types of Splints

    • Carboard: Limb injuries.
    • Box Splint: Limb injuries.
    • Anatomical: Limb injuries.
    • Traction Splint: Mid-shaft femur fractures.
    • Pelvic Splint: Suspected pelvic injury, mechanism of injury likely to cause pelvic injury.
    • Collar: Suspected spinal injury, hard or soft.

    Rigid Collars

    • No longer in use: Increased risk of pressure areas, pain, impaired jugular venous return, increased intracranial pressure, impaired respiration.

    Soft Collar

    • Used for cervical spine immobilisation.

    Haemorrhage Control & Wound Management

    Trauma Assessment

    • Primary Survey:

      • C: Catastrophic haemorrhage?
      • A: Airway open?
      • B: Ventilation adequate?
      • C: Shock?
      • D: Neurological issue?
      • E: Hidden injury?
      • E: Environmental exposure?

    • MARCH:

      • M: Massive haemorrhage?
      • A: Airway?
      • R: Respiration?
      • C: Circulation?
      • H: Hypothermia prevention.

    Types of Shock

    • Shock: Reduced tissue perfusion, leading to organ dysfunction.
    • Hypovolaemic Shock: Decreased circulating volume, most common in trauma.
    • Distributive Shock: Widespread vasodilation, relative hypovolaemia.
    • Obstructive Shock: Mechanical compression of heart or great vessels, impairing venous return or ventricular filling.

    General Trauma Management Principles

    • Identify: Identify the haemorrhage.
    • Stop: Stop the haemorrhage.
    • Prevent: Prevent further injury.
    • Maintain: Maintain adequate perfusion.
    • Protect: Protect clotting.

    Sources of Bleeding

    • External Bleeding:

      • Capillary: Slow, oozing, easily controlled, spontaneous stopping.
      • Venous: Steady flow, easier to control, low pressure system.
      • Arterial: Rapid, profuse, spurting with heartbeat, most difficult to control.

    • Internal Bleeding:

      • More complex to recognize.

    Direct vs Indirect Pressure

    • Factors influencing bleeding management: wound size, depth, location, foreign objects.

    • Immediate Control for External Bleeding:

      • Elevate limb to reduce blood flow.
      • Apply direct pressure to wound to stop bleeding, promote clotting.
      • Use appropriate sized dressing.

    • If Direct Pressure Fails:

      • Apply additional bandages to control bleeding.
      • Apply indirect pressure to pressure points to slow blood flow if bleeding continues

    • Complicated External Bleeding:

      • Use indirect pressure to slow blood flow.

    Arterial Torniquets

    • Indications: Catastrophic/life-threatening haemorrhage.
    • Purpose: Apply pressure to compress arteries in a limb, stopping blood flow above an arterial bleed.
    • Complications:
      • Bleeding not stopping = pressure only compresses venous system.
      • Venous congestion.
      • Rebleeding from ineffective torniquet.
      • Tissue and nerve damage distal to torniquet.
      • Risk of limb loss:
        • 3-4 hours: Increased risk.
        • 6+ hours: Limb loss likely.
      • 2 hours is considered good practice.

    Physiology of Wound Healing

    • Four Stages:
      • Haemostasis: Immediate, blood vessel constriction and clot formation.
      • Inflammation: Days 0-4, neutrophils and macrophages remove debris, prevent infection.
      • Proliferation: Days 2-24, connective tissue rebuilds for granulation and repair.
      • Remodeling: Days 24-1 year, epithelial tissue forms in a moist environment.

    Wound Management

    • Inspection/Assessment:
      • Site/location, shape, size, wound type, other information (e.g., blood thinners).
    • Dressing:
      • Control bleeding, prevent infection, absorb drainage, protect the wound.
    • Irrigate: Reduce infection risk, using normal saline.
    • Dress: Moist or dry dressings.
    • Bandage: Holds dressing in place, helps with haemorrhage control.
    • Splinting: Stabilizes the joint.
    • Transport: Emergency room or local clinic.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of musculoskeletal structures, including the roles of bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. Learn the terminology related to different movements and the mechanisms of injury relevant to each. This quiz enhances your understanding of anatomy and biomechanics.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser