Human Anatomy Quiz: Musculoskeletal System
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following structures is classified as part of the axial skeleton?

  • Scapula
  • Tibia
  • Rib cage (correct)
  • Femur

What type of movement is described as decreasing the angle between two bones at a joint?

  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Retraction
  • Flexion (correct)

What is the term for the movement that pulls a limb toward the midline of the body?

  • Flexion
  • Adduction (correct)
  • Protraction
  • Abduction

Which motion increases the angle between the foot and leg?

<p>Plantar flexion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The deep fascia located between individual muscles and neurovascular bundles is known as which type of fascia?

<p>Investing fascia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is characterized by a structure moving anteriorly?

<p>Protraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for the most movement between bones?

<p>Synovial joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue connects bones to other bones?

<p>Ligaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements best describes the function of the synovial membrane?

<p>It provides viscous lubricating fluid to facilitate movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these muscles is associated with voluntary movement?

<p>Skeletal Muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system innervates smooth muscle?

<p>Autonomic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which location would you primarily find hard cortical bone?

<p>In the center of long bone shafts within the medullar cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of valves within veins?

<p>To prevent backflow of blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve does oxygen-poor blood pass through to travel from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

<p>Tricuspid valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood that is oxygen-rich returns to the heart from the lungs via which vessels?

<p>Pulmonary veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these blood vessels carries deoxygenated blood?

<p>Pulmonary arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel carries oxygen-rich blood out of the left ventricle to the rest of the body?

<p>Ascending aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a great vessel of the heart?

<p>Circumflex artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which location would you find the SA node branch?

<p>Right coronary artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cardiac vein does not return deoxygenated blood to the coronary sinus?

<p>SA node branch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left coronary artery branches into which of the following?

<p>Left anterior descending artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a myotome?

<p>A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the white rami communicans?

<p>Connecting the spinal nerve to the sympathetic trunk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the serous pericardium directly contacts the heart's surface?

<p>Visceral layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the chordae tendineae?

<p>To prevent valve prolapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ligaments runs along the tips of the spinous processes, from C7 to the sacrum?

<p>Supraspinous ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of spinal curvature is considered a primary curvature?

<p>Thoracic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart structure is composed of parallel muscular ridges found on the inner wall of the atria?

<p>Pectinate muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of cervical vertebrae?

<p>Transverse foramen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The oblique sinus is located between which anatomical structures?

<p>Left and right pulmonary veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is characteristic of the C1 vertebra (Atlas)?

<p>No body or spinous process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT associated with the ventricles?

<p>Pectinate muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the moderator band?

<p>To transmit electrical impulses across the ventricles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pathway carries postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic chain ganglion back to the spinal nerve?

<p>Gray rami communicans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these ligaments is located within the vertebral canal?

<p>Posterior longitudinal ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the anatomical location of the tricuspid valve?

<p>Between the right atrium and right ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the location of the transverse sinus?

<p>Between the superior vena cava and the pulmonary trunk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critical reason for the early detection and treatment of an aortic aneurysm?

<p>Rupture of the aorta due to an aneurysm is often fatal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the path of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve?

<p>It wraps around the right subclavian artery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a structure that passes through the mediastinum?

<p>Trachea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thoracic duct?

<p>To drain lymph from the lower limbs, abdomen, and thorax into the venous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the location of the thymus gland?

<p>Posterior to the manubrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves arise from the sympathetic trunk to deliver preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the prevertebral ganglia of the abdomen?

<p>Greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the azygos and hemiazygos veins?

<p>They drain blood away from the thoracic body wall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the thoracic duct return lymph to the venous system?

<p>The left venous angle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Investing fascia

A deep fascia that separates individual muscles and neurovascular bundles.

Skeleton

The framework of the body, composed of bones and cartilage.

Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that includes the limbs and girdles (shoulder bones and pelvis).

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Flexion

A motion that decreases the angle between two bones, like bending your elbow.

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Protraction

Movement of a structure towards the front of the body.

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Retraction

Movement of a structure towards the back of the body.

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Supination

The position of the radius and ulna when they are parallel to each other.

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Pronation

The position of the radius and ulna when they are twisted, crossing over each other.

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Anastomose

A connection between two blood vessels or other tubular structures.

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Valve

Structures within veins that prevent the backflow of blood.

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Capillary

The smallest blood vessels, where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occurs.

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Ligament

A type of connective tissue that connects bones to other bones.

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What is a myotome?

A group of muscles that are all innervated by a single spinal nerve.

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What is a dermatome?

An area of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve.

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What is the sympathetic trunk?

A chain of ganglia that runs alongside the vertebral column, containing postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

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What are the white rami communicantes?

The pathways for preganglionic sympathetic fibers that connect the spinal nerve to the sympathetic trunk.

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What are the gray rami communicantes?

The pathways for postganglionic sympathetic fibers that connect the sympathetic trunk back to the spinal nerve.

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What are splanchnic nerves?

Nerves that carry information from the internal organs to the central nervous system and vice versa.

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What is the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A strong, fibrous band that runs along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies, connecting them from the skull to the sacrum.

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What is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Located within the vertebral canal and runs along the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies, connecting them.

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Aneurysm

A bulge or swelling in the wall of a blood vessel, particularly the aorta, which can rupture and lead to life-threatening complications.

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Vagus Nerves

Pair of cranial nerves that travel down the neck and thorax, contributing to various bodily functions.

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Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Branch of the vagus nerve that wraps around the aortic arch and innervates structures in the neck and thorax.

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Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Branch of the vagus nerve that wraps around the right subclavian artery and innervates structures in the neck and thorax.

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Esophagus

Muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, passing through the mediastinum.

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Thoracic Duct

Largest lymphatic vessel in the body, it carries lymph fluid up from the lower limbs, abdomen and thorax.

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Thymus

A gland located in the superior mediastinum, plays a vital role in the immune system during early development.

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Azygos Vein System

Network of veins in the posterior mediastinum that drain blood from the thoracic body wall.

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Pericardium

The serous membrane surrounding the heart; it has two layers: parietal and visceral, separated by a fluid-filled space called the pericardial cavity.

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Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium, often causing sharp chest pain.

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Pericardial Sinuses

Spaces within the pericardial sac formed by the arrangement of blood vessels entering and exiting the heart.

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Auricle

A small, ear-like pouch on the external surface of the atrium that increases its capacity.

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Pectinate Muscles

Parallel ridges of muscle found in the anterior wall of the atrium and auricle.

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Papillary Muscles

Cone-shaped muscles in the ventricle that attach to the chordae tendineae, preventing valve prolapse during contraction.

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Trabeculae Carnae

Irregular muscular ridges lining the walls of the ventricle.

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Moderator Band

A muscular band crossing the ventricular cavity, carrying part of the right bundle branch of the conduction system.

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Superior Vena Cava (SVC)

Deoxygenated blood is delivered from the upper body (head and arms) to the heart via the Superior Vena Cava (SVC).

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Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

Deoxygenated blood is delivered from the lower body (excluding the head and arms) to the heart via the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC).

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Pulmonary Trunk

The Pulmonary Trunk is responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

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Pulmonary Arteries

The Pulmonary Arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary trunk to the lungs.

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Pulmonary Veins

The Pulmonary Veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart.

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Ascending Aorta

The Ascending Aorta is the first major vessel that receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to the body.

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Aortic Arch

The Aortic Arch is a curved section of the Aorta that branches off to supply blood to the head, neck, and arms.

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Brachiocephalic Trunk

The Brachiocephalic Trunk is the first branch off the Aortic Arch, delivering oxygenated blood to the right side of the head and right arm.

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Study Notes

Anatomical Terminology and Position

  • Anatomical position: Person stands erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward.
  • Planes of the body:
    • Sagittal: divides body into left and right sections.
    • Frontal (coronal): divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.
    • Transverse: divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.
  • Locational terms:
    • Medial: closer to the midline.
    • Lateral: farther from the midline.
    • Proximal: closer to the point of attachment or origin.
    • Distal: farther from the point of attachment or origin.
    • Anterior: toward the front.
    • Posterior: toward the back.
    • Superficial: closer to the surface.
    • Deep: farther from the surface.
    • Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body.
    • Contralateral: on the opposite side of the body.

Integumentary System Features

  • Epidermis: outermost layer of skin composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
  • Dermis: inner layer containing connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve endings, and glands.
    • Apocrine glands: sweat glands located in armpits and groin; active during puberty.
    • Eccrine glands: sweat glands found all over the body; regulate temperature.
    • Sebaceous glands: oil-producing glands in the skin.
    • Arrector pili muscles: small muscles attached to hair follicles; cause hair to stand up.
    • Hair follicle: sheath surrounding the hair root.

Skeletal System Divisions and Bones

  • Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
  • Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic).

Joint Classification and Motions

  • Flexion/Extension: Decreasing/increasing angle between two bones.
  • Abduction/Adduction: Moving a limb away from/toward midline.
  • Protraction/Retraction: Moving a part of the body forward/backward.
  • Rotation: moving a part of the body around an axis.
  • Supination/Pronation: rotation of the radius and ulna.

Types of Joints

  • Solid joints: bones joined by connective tissue (little movement).
    • Fibrous joints: connected by sutures.
    • Cartilaginous joints: separated by cartilaginous tissue (symphyses)
  • Synovial joints: more complex, allow for motion.
    • Articular cavity: Space between bones
    • Joint capsule: wrapped around bone (fibrous and synovial membrane with viscous fluid)

Muscle Types and Innervation

  • Skeletal muscle: voluntary movements, innervated by the somatic nervous system.
  • Smooth muscle: involuntary movements, innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
  • Cardiac muscle: heart muscle, responsible for pumping blood, innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

Arteries and Veins

  • Capillary: smallest blood vessels; exchange of gases, nutrients and waste occur.
  • Anastomose: connection between two blood vessels.
  • Valve: prevent backflow in veins.
  • Arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (thicker).
  • Veins: carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart (thinner, contain valves).

Nervous System Components

  • Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary movements (skeletal muscles).
  • Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary functions (smooth and cardiac muscle, glands).
    • Somatic sensory nerve fibers: carry information to CNS from skin, muscles.
    • Visceral sensory nerve fibers: carry information to CNS from internal organs.
  • Spinal nerves: components, pathways, myotome, dermatome, and sympathetic trunk/chain.
    • White rami communicantes: Pathway connects spinal nerve to sympathetic trunk.
    • Gray rami communicantes: Pathway connects sympathetic trunk back to spinal nerve.
  • Splanchnic nerves: convey info about internal organs.
  • Cauda equina: collection of nerves below lumbar, sacral, coccygeal spinal levels.
  • Filum terminale
  • Conus medullaris

Spinal Cord, Back Muscles

  • Primary curvatures (thoracic and sacral): present at birth.
  • Secondary curvatures (cervical and lumbar): develop after birth.
  • Vertebrae: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (3-4).
  • General Vertebral features: Lamina, Pedicle, Body, Transverse process, Spinous process, vertebral canal
  • Specific vertebral features (examples): C1 (atlas) has no body or spinous process. C2 (axis) has odontoid process (dens). thoracic vertebrae have costal facets for rib articulation
  • Thoracic Cage - general features of ribs and sternum
    • True ribs (1-7): Each connects to the sternum directly.
    • False ribs (8-10): Connect to the sternum indirectly via the costal cartilage of ribs 7.
    • Floating ribs (11-12): Do not connect to the sternum.
      • General features of sternum: Manubrium (superior), sternal body and xiphoid process (inferior).

Thoracic Wall, Muscles, and Vessels

  • Intercostal muscles: External and Internal; most active during inhalation and exhalation , respectively.
  • Subcostal muscles: lower ribs, relatively small and connect to the inferior.
  • Transversus thoracis: small muscles, radiating out of the ribs.
  • Intercostal nerves, vessels, and borders.
  • Thoracic inlet : superior thoracic aperture.

Mediastinum

  • Superior mediastinum: Contains structures above the pericardium
  • Middle mediastinum: Contains heart, pericardium, roots of great vessels.
  • Inferior mediastinum: anterior and posterior mediastinum; Contains structures below the pericardium

Lungs

  • Lobes, fissures, root (hilum), and associated vessels (pulmonary circulation).
  • Bronchi: pathway that leads from the trachea into the lungs
  • Trachea: airway connecting the pharynx to the lungs

Pleura

  • Parietal pleura: lines the thoracic walls.
  • Visceral pleura: covers the lungs.
  • Pleural cavity: potential space between the two layers.

Diaphragm

  • Structure, function, innervation, and openings.

Heart

  • Structure of the heart chambers, valves, great vessels, coronary circulation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the human musculoskeletal system with this engaging quiz. Explore various anatomical structures, joints, and movements associated with bones and muscles. Perfect for students learning about anatomy, this quiz covers fundamental concepts of the axial skeleton and muscle functions.

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