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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic of muscle tissue?
What is the main characteristic of muscle tissue?
Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in the heart?
Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in the heart?
Which muscle type is primarily involved in peristalsis?
Which muscle type is primarily involved in peristalsis?
What is the role of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction?
What is the role of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction?
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What connects skeletal muscles to bones?
What connects skeletal muscles to bones?
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Which statement is true about skeletal muscles?
Which statement is true about skeletal muscles?
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What are the two special protein filaments involved in muscle contraction?
What are the two special protein filaments involved in muscle contraction?
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What structure surrounds individual skeletal muscle cells?
What structure surrounds individual skeletal muscle cells?
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Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle?
Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle?
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What is the primary function of acetylcholine (ACh) in muscle physiology?
What is the primary function of acetylcholine (ACh) in muscle physiology?
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Which type of muscle is voluntary and primarily responsible for moving the skeleton?
Which type of muscle is voluntary and primarily responsible for moving the skeleton?
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What characterizes muscular dystrophy?
What characterizes muscular dystrophy?
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What is the role of a tendon in the muscular system?
What is the role of a tendon in the muscular system?
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Which of the following terms refers to involuntary small contractions of muscle fiber groups?
Which of the following terms refers to involuntary small contractions of muscle fiber groups?
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What is the primary function of physical therapy in relation to the muscular system?
What is the primary function of physical therapy in relation to the muscular system?
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Which disease is characterized by progressive muscular weakness due to autoimmune effects on the neuromuscular junction?
Which disease is characterized by progressive muscular weakness due to autoimmune effects on the neuromuscular junction?
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What enzyme's serum level increases in cases of muscle damage?
What enzyme's serum level increases in cases of muscle damage?
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Which drug class is specifically designed to reduce muscle tension?
Which drug class is specifically designed to reduce muscle tension?
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What condition is characterized by spasms, cramps, and twitching due to a metabolic imbalance?
What condition is characterized by spasms, cramps, and twitching due to a metabolic imbalance?
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Study Notes
Muscular System Overview
- The muscular system is responsible for movement of the skeleton, blood vessels, and internal organs
- Muscles can remain partially contracted to maintain posture
- Three types of muscle tissue exist: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Types of Muscles
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Skeletal muscle:
- Attached to bones
- Responsible for voluntary movement
- Generates significant body heat
- Composed of individual muscle cells (fibers) organized into fascicles (bundles)
- Held together by connective tissue (fascia)
- Stimulated to contract by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
- ACh (acetylcholine) is released, which triggers cellular contraction
- Contraction relies on actin and myosin filaments interacting
- Requires ATP (energy) and calcium
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Smooth muscle:
- Forms walls of hollow organs (stomach, intestines) and ducts (blood vessels, bronchioles)
- Involuntary control
- Responsible for peristalsis (wave-like movements)
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Cardiac muscle:
- Forms the myocardium of the heart
- Involuntary control
- Responsible for the heart's pumping action
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function
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Muscle cells (fibers): Long, cylindrical cells organized into fascicles
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Fascicles: Bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue
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Connective tissues (fascia): Coverings around individual muscle fibers, fascicles, and the entire muscle; merge to form tendons that attach muscles to bones
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Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Junction where motor neurons meet muscle cells, facilitating transmission of signals for contraction
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Motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), which triggers contraction
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Actin and myosin filaments interact for muscle contraction, requiring ATP and calcium
Muscular System Terminology
- Acetylcholine (ACh): Neurotransmitter stimulating skeletal muscle contraction
- Agonist: Muscle causing a specific movement. Antagonist is the opposing muscle.
- Fascia: Fibrous connective tissue sheath covering muscle
- Fascicle: Small bundle of muscle or nerve fibers
- Neuromuscular junction (NMJ): Point where motor neuron branches connect to a muscle cell
Key Muscle Components
- Actin: One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells
- Myosin: One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells
- Tendon: Fibrous band of connective tissue attaching muscle to bone
Muscle Disorders
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Dermatomyositis: Inflammatory disease affecting muscles and skin.
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Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS): Widespread muscle pain and stiffness
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Muscular dystrophy: Group of hereditary disorders causing progressive muscular weakness and atrophy,
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Myasthenia gravis (MG): Autoimmune disease causing progressive muscular weakness.
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Polymyositis: Inflammatory disease causing widespread muscle weakness
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Tendinitis: Inflammation of a tendon (often caused by injury)
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Ataxia: Lack of muscle coordination
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Fasciculation: Involuntary twitching of muscle fibers
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Fibrositis: Inflammation of connective tissue
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Rhabdomyolysis: Destruction of skeletal muscle.
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Rhabdomyoma: Benign tumor in muscle
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Tetanus: Bacterial infection leading to muscle spasms
Diagnosis and Management
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Creatine kinase (CK): Enzyme found in muscle tissue; an elevated level may indicate muscle damage
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Electromyography (EMG): Measures electrical activity of muscles
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Physical therapy (PT): Improves muscle function and mobility for rehabilitation
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Rheumatology: Study and treatment of rheumatic diseases
Drugs for Muscle Issues
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Anti-inflammatory agents: Reduce inflammation, including steroids (e.g., cortisone) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
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COX-2 inhibitors: Specific NSAIDs that target COX-2 enzyme, reducing inflammation without affecting COX-1
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Muscle relaxants: Reduce muscle tension
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Description
Explore the muscular system's role in movement, posture, and function. This quiz covers the three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac, along with their characteristics and mechanisms. Test your knowledge on muscle physiology and its importance in the human body.
