Muscles and Bones Overview

Study Notes

Muscles

Muscles are tissues that contract, generating force and movement.
Three main types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Skeletal muscles are voluntary, attached to bones, and responsible for movement.
Smooth muscles are involuntary, found in internal organs, controlling processes like digestion.
Cardiac muscles are involuntary, found in the heart, pumping blood.
Muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, containing thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments.
Muscle contraction involves the sliding of these filaments, requiring ATP energy.
Muscle strength is determined by the number and size of muscle fibers.
Muscles need adequate blood flow, nutrition, and rest for growth and maintenance.
Muscle fatigue results from energy depletion and metabolic byproduct buildup.
Common muscle disorders include strains, sprains, and muscular dystrophy.

Bones

Bones are rigid connective tissues providing support, protection, and leverage for movement.
Bones are composed of cells (osteocytes), collagen fibers, and calcium salts.
Bone tissue is constantly remodeled, replacing old with new bone.
Bone types include long (e.g., femur), short (e.g., carpals), flat (e.g., skull), and irregular (e.g., vertebrae).
Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
Bones are vital for hematopoiesis (blood cell production) in bone marrow.
Bones articulate at joints, enabling movement.
Common bone diseases include osteoporosis, fractures, and arthritis.
Bone density declines with age, increasing fracture risk.

Common Diseases

Musculoskeletal Diseases:
- Osteoporosis: Weakening of bones due to low bone mass and density.
- Arthritis: Joint inflammation, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling. Types include osteoarthritis (wear and tear) and rheumatoid arthritis (autoimmune).
- Muscular dystrophy: Genetic diseases causing progressive muscle weakness and degeneration.
- Tendinitis: Tendon inflammation (muscle to bone).
- Bursitis: Bursa (fluid-filled joint cushion) inflammation.
- Fractures: Bone breaks from stress or trauma.
Other Related Diseases:
- Fibromyalgia: Chronic widespread pain affecting muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Debilitating condition with profound fatigue and other symptoms.
Many other diseases affect the musculoskeletal system.
Disease progression and treatment vary greatly based on diagnosis and individual factors.
Preventing diseases like osteoporosis involves lifestyle choices: adequate calcium intake, weight-bearing exercise, and smoking cessation.
Early diagnosis and treatment improve musculoskeletal disease management and quality of life.

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts about muscles and bones, including the types of muscles, their functions, and basic muscle physiology. It also touches upon bone structure and the role of muscles in movement. Test your understanding of these fundamental aspects of human anatomy.