Anatomy of Bones and Muscle Attachment

Study Notes

Bones are composed of:
- Compact bone: dense, compact tissue
- Cancellous bone: spongy, porous tissue
- Periosteum: outer layer of bone, rich in blood vessels and nerves
- Endosteum: inner layer of bone, lining marrow cavities
Bone tissue is made up of:
- Osteoblasts: bone-forming cells
- Osteoclasts: bone-resorbing cells
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells

Muscles attach to bones through:
- Tendons: fibrous connective tissue
- Ligaments: fibrous connective tissue connecting bones to other bones
- Aponeuroses: flat, broad tendons
Types of muscle attachment:
- Origin: muscle attachment to a stationary bone
- Insertion: muscle attachment to a moving bone

Types of joints:
- Synovial joints: freely movable, surrounded by a joint capsule
- Cartilaginous joints: connected by cartilage, limited movement
- Fibrous joints: connected by fibrous connective tissue, little to no movement
Joint movement:
- Flexion: bending
- Extension: straightening
- Abduction: moving away from the midline
- Adduction: moving towards the midline
- Rotation: turning around a single axis

Osteoporosis:
- Decreased bone density, leading to increased fracture risk
- Common in older adults, especially women
Osteoarthritis:
- Degeneration of joint cartilage, leading to pain and stiffness
- Common in older adults, especially in weight-bearing joints
Bone Fractures:
- Types: compression, tension, stress, and greenstick fractures
- Causes: trauma, osteoporosis, and other underlying conditions
Skeletal deformities:
- Scoliosis: lateral curvature of the spine
- Kyphosis: posterior curvature of the spine
- Lordosis: anterior curvature of the spine

Compact bone is dense and compact, while cancellous bone is spongy and porous.
Periosteum is the outer layer of bone, rich in blood vessels and nerves, and endosteum is the inner layer, lining marrow cavities.
Bone tissue is composed of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells), and osteocytes (mature bone cells).

Muscles attach to bones through tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses.
Tendons are fibrous connective tissue, ligaments connect bones to other bones, and aponeuroses are flat, broad tendons.
Muscle attachment sites include origin (attachment to a stationary bone) and insertion (attachment to a moving bone).

Synovial joints are freely movable, surrounded by a joint capsule, while cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage and have limited movement.
Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous connective tissue and have little to no movement.
Types of joint movement include flexion (bending), extension (straightening), abduction (moving away from the midline), adduction (moving towards the midline), and rotation (turning around a single axis).

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased bone density, leading to increased fracture risk, and is common in older adults, especially women.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition characterized by joint cartilage degeneration, leading to pain and stiffness, and is common in older adults, especially in weight-bearing joints.
Bone fractures can be classified as compression, tension, stress, or greenstick fractures, and can be caused by trauma, osteoporosis, or other underlying conditions.
Skeletal deformities include scoliosis (lateral curvature of the spine), kyphosis (posterior curvature of the spine), and lordosis (anterior curvature of the spine).