Anatomy of Bones and Muscle Attachment

Bone Structure

• Bones are composed of:
  • Compact bone: dense, compact tissue
  • Cancellous bone: spongy, porous tissue
  • Periosteum: outer layer of bone, rich in blood vessels and nerves
  • Endosteum: inner layer of bone, lining marrow cavities
• Bone tissue is made up of:
  • Osteoblasts: bone-forming cells
  • Osteoclasts: bone-resorbing cells
  • Osteocytes: mature bone cells

Muscle Attachment

• Muscles attach to bones through:
  • Tendons: fibrous connective tissue
  • Ligaments: fibrous connective tissue connecting bones to other bones
  • Aponeuroses: flat, broad tendons
• Types of muscle attachment:
  • Origin: muscle attachment to a stationary bone
  • Insertion: muscle attachment to a moving bone

Joint Movement

• Types of joints:
  • Synovial joints: freely movable, surrounded by a joint capsule
  • Cartilaginous joints: connected by cartilage, limited movement
  • Fibrous joints: connected by fibrous connective tissue, little to no movement
• Joint movement:
  • Flexion: bending
  • Extension: straightening
  • Abduction: moving away from the midline
  • Adduction: moving towards the midline
  • Rotation: turning around a single axis

Skeletal Disorders

• Osteoporosis:
  • Decreased bone density, leading to increased fracture risk
  • Common in older adults, especially women
• Osteoarthritis:
  • Degeneration of joint cartilage, leading to pain and stiffness
  • Common in older adults, especially in weight-bearing joints
• Bone Fractures:
  • Types: compression, tension, stress, and greenstick fractures
  • Causes: trauma, osteoporosis, and other underlying conditions
• Skeletal deformities:
  • Scoliosis: lateral curvature of the spine
  • Kyphosis: posterior curvature of the spine
  • Lordosis: anterior curvature of the spine

Bone Structure

• Compact bone is dense and compact, while cancellous bone is spongy and porous.
• Periosteum is the outer layer of bone, rich in blood vessels and nerves, and endosteum is the inner layer, lining marrow cavities.
• Bone tissue is composed of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells), and osteocytes (mature bone cells).

Muscle Attachment

• Muscles attach to bones through tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses.
• Tendons are fibrous connective tissue, ligaments connect bones to other bones, and aponeuroses are flat, broad tendons.
• Muscle attachment sites include origin (attachment to a stationary bone) and insertion (attachment to a moving bone).

Joint Movement

• Synovial joints are freely movable, surrounded by a joint capsule, while cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage and have limited movement.
• Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous connective tissue and have little to no movement.
• Types of joint movement include flexion (bending), extension (straightening), abduction (moving away from the midline), adduction (moving towards the midline), and rotation (turning around a single axis).

Skeletal Disorders

• Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased bone density, leading to increased fracture risk, and is common in older adults, especially women.
• Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition characterized by joint cartilage degeneration, leading to pain and stiffness, and is common in older adults, especially in weight-bearing joints.
• Bone fractures can be classified as compression, tension, stress, or greenstick fractures, and can be caused by trauma, osteoporosis, or other underlying conditions.
• Skeletal deformities include scoliosis (lateral curvature of the spine), kyphosis (posterior curvature of the spine), and lordosis (anterior curvature of the spine).