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Questions and Answers
What is the function of afferent neurons?
What is the function of afferent neurons?
- Maintain resting membrane potential
- Carry sensory information to the central nervous system (correct)
- Initiate movement responses
- Facilitate release of neurotransmitters
What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining resting membrane potential?
What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining resting membrane potential?
- Transport 3 NA+ molecules out and 2 K+ molecules into the cell (correct)
- Transport 2 NA+ molecules out and 3 K+ molecules into the cell
- Transport NA+ and K+ in the same ratio as their passive diffusion
- Transport equal amounts of NA+ and K+ into and out of the cell
What characterizes C fibers in the context of nerve conduction?
What characterizes C fibers in the context of nerve conduction?
- Fibers with high resting membrane potential
- Fibers responsible for motor responses
- Myelinated fibers with rapid conduction
- Unmyelinated fibers with slower conduction (correct)
What occurs during the refractory period of a neuron?
What occurs during the refractory period of a neuron?
What is saltatory conduction?
What is saltatory conduction?
Where are upper motor neurons housed?
Where are upper motor neurons housed?
What is the primary role of white matter in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of white matter in the nervous system?
What happens when a stimulus reaches the threshold in a neuron?
What happens when a stimulus reaches the threshold in a neuron?
What is the function of the Node of Ranvier in nerve conduction?
What is the function of the Node of Ranvier in nerve conduction?
What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in nerve conduction?
What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in nerve conduction?
What is the primary factor responsible for repolarization of a depolarized neuron?
What is the primary factor responsible for repolarization of a depolarized neuron?
What is the primary role of myelin in nerve conduction?
What is the primary role of myelin in nerve conduction?
Which type of muscle architecture is characterized by fibers running parallel to the long axis of the muscle?
Which type of muscle architecture is characterized by fibers running parallel to the long axis of the muscle?
Which type of contraction yields zero velocity?
Which type of contraction yields zero velocity?
What occurs during an eccentric contraction?
What occurs during an eccentric contraction?
Which component plays a role in muscle function and movement, alongside muscle fibers?
Which component plays a role in muscle function and movement, alongside muscle fibers?
What is the primary factor affecting muscle force output changes with respect to speed?
What is the primary factor affecting muscle force output changes with respect to speed?
Which type of muscle architecture is characterized by fibers obliquely attaching to the tendon from one side?
Which type of muscle architecture is characterized by fibers obliquely attaching to the tendon from one side?
What is the most accurate method for measuring muscle cross-section?
What is the most accurate method for measuring muscle cross-section?
What happens during active insufficiency?
What happens during active insufficiency?
What does hypertrophy lead to?
What does hypertrophy lead to?
What is the role of the series elastic component in muscle function?
What is the role of the series elastic component in muscle function?
What is the primary factor affecting muscle force output changes with respect to speed?
What is the primary factor affecting muscle force output changes with respect to speed?
What is the difference between speed and velocity?
What is the difference between speed and velocity?
What initiates muscle contraction?
What initiates muscle contraction?
What dictates the activation of smaller motor units first?
What dictates the activation of smaller motor units first?
What is the primary function of muscle spindles?
What is the primary function of muscle spindles?
What is the role of Golgi tendon organs (GTO) in muscle function?
What is the role of Golgi tendon organs (GTO) in muscle function?
What is the classification of muscle fibers based on force production and fatigue resistance?
What is the classification of muscle fibers based on force production and fatigue resistance?
What determines muscle control and precision?
What determines muscle control and precision?
What contributes to the body's ability to detect dynamic and static position in space?
What contributes to the body's ability to detect dynamic and static position in space?
What system works in conjunction with the kinesthetic system to maintain equilibrium and balance?
What system works in conjunction with the kinesthetic system to maintain equilibrium and balance?
What is the primary function of Type 1A and Type 2 sensory nerve endings in muscle spindles?
What is the primary function of Type 1A and Type 2 sensory nerve endings in muscle spindles?
How do hypotonic and hypertonic individuals display deviations in muscle tone?
How do hypotonic and hypertonic individuals display deviations in muscle tone?
What contributes to the recruitment and grading of muscle contraction?
What contributes to the recruitment and grading of muscle contraction?
What occurs in response to changing demands, such as Type 1 fibers in newborns for quick movements?
What occurs in response to changing demands, such as Type 1 fibers in newborns for quick movements?
What tool is used to measure muscle activation by inserting a fine needle into the muscle or adhering an electrode to the muscle?
What tool is used to measure muscle activation by inserting a fine needle into the muscle or adhering an electrode to the muscle?
Which type of contraction involves no change in joint angle and allows static or non-moving contraction control type movements?
Which type of contraction involves no change in joint angle and allows static or non-moving contraction control type movements?
In which type of contraction does the muscle undergo constant shortening through limb excursion?
In which type of contraction does the muscle undergo constant shortening through limb excursion?
Which type of contraction involves the muscle lengthening due to external forces such as gravity?
Which type of contraction involves the muscle lengthening due to external forces such as gravity?
What type of contraction involves contracting at a constant rate or speed with the same amount of external resistance applied through the entire range of motion?
What type of contraction involves contracting at a constant rate or speed with the same amount of external resistance applied through the entire range of motion?
What is the term for the deformation of tissues over time when subjected to constant or suddenly applied load?
What is the term for the deformation of tissues over time when subjected to constant or suddenly applied load?
Which characteristic refers to the resistance to external forces that cause permanent deformation in muscles?
Which characteristic refers to the resistance to external forces that cause permanent deformation in muscles?
What refers to the ability of a muscle to elongate under force and return to its normal length when released?
What refers to the ability of a muscle to elongate under force and return to its normal length when released?
What is the term for the amount of deformation a structure can sustain before succumbing to distress?
What is the term for the amount of deformation a structure can sustain before succumbing to distress?
What is the term for the deformation of tissues over time when subjected to constant or suddenly applied load?
What is the term for the deformation of tissues over time when subjected to constant or suddenly applied load?
What does EMG measure in terms of muscle activity?
What does EMG measure in terms of muscle activity?
What is the term for the muscles that are not the prime mover but act in the same manner to assist in performing an activity?
What is the term for the muscles that are not the prime mover but act in the same manner to assist in performing an activity?
Study Notes
Muscle Physiology and Functional Movement
- Muscle contraction begins with a nerve impulse creating an action potential.
- Contraction is caused by the interaction between actin and myosin, following the sliding filament theory.
- Muscle fibers are classified into slow-twitch (Type 1) and fast-twitch (Type 2) with varying force production and fatigue resistance.
- Muscle fiber type adaptation occurs in response to changing demands, such as Type 1 fibers in newborns for quick movements and Type 1 fibers in toddlers for posture.
- Motor units, consisting of a motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers, determine muscle control and precision.
- Henneman’s size principle dictates that smaller motor units are activated first, leading to the recruitment of slow-twitch fibers.
- Motor unit recruitment can grade muscle contraction through simultaneous activation and rate coding.
- Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs (GTO) modulate muscle force and contribute to proprioception and kinesthesia.
- Muscle spindles have sensory nerve endings (Type 1A and Type 2) that detect changes in muscle length and contribute to postural tone.
- Hypotonic and hypertonic individuals display deviations in muscle tone, affecting their ability to hold the body against gravity.
- The kinesthetic system, involving muscle spindles and GTO, contributes to the body's ability to detect dynamic and static position in space.
- The vestibular and visual systems work in conjunction with the kinesthetic system to maintain equilibrium and balance.
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Description
Test your knowledge of muscle physiology and functional movement with this quiz. Explore topics such as muscle contraction, fiber types, motor unit recruitment, and the role of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs in proprioception and kinesthesia.
