Questions and Answers
Which muscle is considered facilitated or hypertonic in Sway-Back posture?
Structural deviations are considered correctible factors affecting muscle imbalances.
False
Name one correctible factor that contributes to muscle imbalances.
Repetitive movements
In Sway-Back posture, the anterior lumbar curve appears __________.
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Match the following postural deviations with their descriptions:
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What is a key characteristic of the toes in relation to the feet?
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Neck flexors are considered hypertonic in individuals with Sway-Back posture.
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What type of movements should personal trainers focus on to correct postural imbalances?
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What is the movement associated with subtalar joint pronation?
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Hip adduction can result in pelvic tilt and affect spinal alignment.
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What condition is described by the coupling of tight hip flexors and erector spinae muscles?
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Tight or over dominant rectus abdominis muscles can lead to a __________ pelvic tilt.
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Which movement is a component of subtalar joint supination?
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Match the hip adduction elevation with its description:
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Sedentary lifestyles are often associated with posterior pelvic tilt due to tight hip flexors.
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What effect does heel eversion have on ankle motion?
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What type of training focuses on the body's stabilizing musculature?
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Closed-chain exercises involve more shearing forces at the joints compared to open-chain exercises.
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Name one primary movement pattern emphasized in functional training.
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In a closed-chain kinetic movement, the end of the chain farthest from the body is ______.
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What is a common misconception regarding the knees during squats and lunges?
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Restricting forward movement of the knee while squatting can lead to increased hip stress.
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List a benefit of closed-chain exercises over open-chain exercises.
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Match the following types of exercises with their characteristics:
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What happens to the pelvis with foot pronation and internal femoral rotation?
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Tight hip flexors are suspected during a posterior pelvic tilt.
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Name two muscles suspected to be lengthened during anterior pelvic tilt.
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Shoulders not in level are often associated with tightness in the ______, ______, and ______.
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Match the scapular conditions with the suspected tight muscles:
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What degree of movement is contributed by the glenohumeral joint and the scapulothoracic region?
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Scapular protraction indicates that the scapular stabilizers are functioning effectively.
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Which muscles are primarily responsible for holding the scapulae in place?
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What condition is characterized by weakness and poor mechanics in the lowering phase?
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Excessive arching of the back is a characteristic of Sway-Back posture.
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Which muscle group is indicated as weak in individuals with Sway-Back posture?
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Weakness in the back and ________ muscles can lead to postural imbalances.
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Match the following muscles with their roles during postural alignment:
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What is a common result of weak core and back muscles?
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Back rounds forward is a characteristic indicative of good posture.
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What is one of the primary effects of increased hip flexor tightness?
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Study Notes
Muscle Coordination and Training
- Optimal movement performance requires muscles to collaborate in force production and joint stabilization.
- Weaker stabilizer muscles (e.g., deep abdominals, hip stabilizers) can lead to inefficient movement and risks of pain/injury.
- Functional training, prioritizing closed kinetic chain exercises, is beneficial for rehabilitation and post-rehabilitation.
Closed vs. Open Chain Exercises
- Closed chain exercises: End of the kinetic chain (e.g., feet in squats) is fixed; promotes joint compression and greater muscle engagement.
- Open chain exercises: End of the kinetic chain (e.g., seated leg extension) is free; often leads to shearing forces at joints.
- Closed-chain exercises enhance neuromuscular coordination and joint stability.
Key Functional Movements
- Conditioning routines should focus on five primary movement patterns relevant to daily activities: squats (bending and lifting), lunges (single-leg movements), pushing, pulling, and rotation.
Squat and Lunge Mechanics
- Myth regarding knee position in squats/lunges: It is acceptable for knees to slightly pass toes but should avoid excessive forward movement.
- Evidence: Knee stress increased by 28% when moving past toes; hip stress may increase by nearly 1000% if restricted.
- During lunges, knees should align over the second toe, matching the knee's direction with the ankle.
Sway-Back Posture
- Characterized by decreased anterior lumbar curve (flat-back) and increased posterior thoracic curve (kyphosis).
- Muscle imbalances identified in sway-back posture include:
- Facilitated/Hypertonic: Hamstrings, upper posterior obliques, lumbar extensors, neck extensors.
- Inhibited/Lengthened: Iliacus/Psoas Major, rectus femoris, external obliques, neck flexors, upper-back extensors.
Factors Affecting Muscle Imbalance
-
Correctible factors:
- Repetitive movements, awkward posture, side dominance, lack of joint stability/mobility, imbalanced strength training.
-
Non-Correctible factors:
- Congenital conditions (e.g., scoliosis), certain pathologies (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), structural deviations, trauma history.
Ankle Pronation and Supination
- Normal foot alignment: Both feet should face forward or with slight external rotation (8-10 degrees).
- Pronation causes heel eversion, possibly leading to tight calves and restricted dorsiflexion.
- Tight gastrocnemius/soleus can also affect subtalar joint position, evidencing biomechanical interactions.
Hip Adduction Dynamics
- Hip adduction leads to pelvic tilt, which can manifest as "hip hiking", affecting alignment and balance.
- Imbalances can occur due to factors like limb-length discrepancies.
Pelvic Tilting Considerations
- Anterior pelvic tilt common in individuals with tight hip flexors; often linked to sedentary behaviors.
- Muscle coupling: Tight hip flexors with erector spinae contribute to anterior tilt; tight rectus abdominis with hamstrings cause posterior tilt.
Shoulder and Thoracic Spine Alignment
- Collaboration between glenohumeral joint and scapulothoracic region is crucial for shoulder movement.
- Common issues include elevated shoulders, asymmetry, scapular winging, tightness in specific muscle groups (e.g., upper trapezius, pectorals).
Scapular Stabilization
- Scapular winging indicates weakness in stabilizing muscles, primarily rhomboids and serratus anterior.
- Movement compensations often result from poor mechanics and muscle imbalances, affecting overall stability and joint integrity.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the coordination of muscles and the differences between closed and open chain exercises. This quiz also covers the importance of functional movements in training and rehabilitation. Improve your understanding of optimal movement performance and joint stability with these key concepts.
