Muscle and Cardiovascular System Quiz
25 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes the property of muscle that allows it to respond to stimulation?

  • Excitability (correct)
  • Contractility
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
  • What is a characteristic of skeletal muscle?

  • Involuntary control
  • Striated appearance (correct)
  • Non-striated appearance
  • Single nucleus per cell
  • Which function of the muscular system is primarily responsible for maintaining body temperature?

  • Homeostasis (correct)
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Which of the following properties of muscle refers to its ability to rebound towards its original length after a contraction?

    <p>Elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinguishing feature of smooth muscle compared to other types of muscle tissue?

    <p>Spindle-shaped cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart serves as the outermost layer and is also part of the pericardium?

    <p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid or mitral valve)?

    <p>Prevent backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>Striated and involuntary with one or two nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the cardiovascular system?

    <p>To circulate blood, transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the vessels?

    <p>Semilunar valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the function of hormones in the body?

    <p>Hormones regulate rather than initiate reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland controls the pituitary gland?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in protein production from amino acids?

    <p>Growth Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from insufficient secretion of Growth Hormone in young animals?

    <p>Pituitary Dwarfism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the adrenal cortex to secrete its hormones?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Hypothalamus?

    <p>Producing chemical signals to regulate various body functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are hormones inactivated in the body?

    <p>At the site of action or in other glands and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating spermatogenesis in males?

    <p>Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the female reproductive system, what is the function of Luteinizing hormone (LH)?

    <p>Assists ovulation and corpus luteum development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Neuroendocrine reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?

    <p>Stimulates water conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla as part of the body's fight-or-flight response?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major action of glucocorticoids such as cortisol?

    <p>Regulate metabolism in response to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an overload of water have on the secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Decreases ADH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Muscular System

    • The muscular system provides motor power for all body part movements.
    • Muscles are specialized tissues that contract and relax to produce force for movement.
    • Muscles possess properties like excitability (responding to stimulation), contractility (shortening actively), extensibility (contracting over a range of lengths), and elasticity (rebounding to original length).
    • Muscles are categorized by function (skeletal, visceral, or cardiac), activation method (voluntary or involuntary), and physiology (smooth, striated, or unstrained).

    Types of Muscle

    • Skeletal Muscle: Striated, voluntary, attached to the skeleton, responsible for major body movements.

      • Skeletal muscle cells are long, cylindrical, and multinucleated (multiple nuclei per cell).
      • Skeletal muscles can be divided into flexors, extensors, abductors, and adductors, which describe their movement function.
    • Smooth Muscle: Non-striated, involuntary, found in soft organs (stomach, intestines, blood vessels) responsible for processes like digestion.

      • Individual smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped.
      • Smooth muscle contractions are slow and wave-like.
    • Cardiac Muscle: Striated, involuntary, found exclusively in the heart; responsible for pumping action.

      • Cardiac muscle cells are branching and typically have one or two nuclei per cell
      • Contractions are involuntary and rhythmic.

    Muscle Function and Movement

    • Skeletal muscles work in pairs, such as flexors and extensors (antagonistic).
    • Synergistic muscles work together to perform a specific movement.
    • Flexor muscles decrease the angle between two bones.
    • Extensor muscles increase the angle between two bones.
    • Abductor muscles move limbs away from the median plane.
    • Adductor muscles move limbs towards the median plane.

    Muscle Attachment

    • Most skeletal muscles attach to two different bones, an origin (stable bone), and an insertion (movable bone).

    Muscle Structure

    • Skeletal muscles consist of bundles of fibers (cells) that connect to tendons.
    • Fibers run parallel to each other within the muscle sheath, creating a striped or striated appearance.
    • Each fiber bundle consists of individual cells with multiple nuclei.
    • Individual fibers are made up of bundles of myofibrils.
    • Myofibrils contain thick filaments of myosin and thin filaments of actin.

    Muscle Contraction

    • Muscle contraction occurs via sliding filament action, where actin and myosin filaments slide over each other.
    • Energy for contraction primarily comes from ATP, glycogen, and body fats.

    Cardiovascular System

    • The circulatory system transports blood around the body, consisting of the heart and a system of vessels, for the distribution of blood.
    • The cardiovascular system carries oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and removes carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.
    • The Cardiovascular system removes waste products of metabolism.
    • The Cardiovascular system carries hormones from one part of the body to another part.
    • The Cardiovascular system maintains water equilibrium
    • The Cardiovascular system maintains the body's temperature
    • The Cardiovascular system helps in overcoming disease by the antibodies contained in the blood.

    The Heart

    • The heart is located in the mediastinal space of the thorax.
    • The heart is cone-shaped, hollow organ.
    • The heart has four chambers: two atria (right and left) and two ventricles (right and left).

    Heart Valves

    • Atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid and mitral) prevent backflow from ventricles to atria.
    • Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary artery, respectively.

    Heart Sounds

    • Two sounds are typically heard through a stethoscope during the heart's operation: the "lubb" sound, caused by the closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves; and the "dub" sound, caused by the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves.

    Blood Vessels

    • Five types of blood vessels exist in the body: arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries.
    • Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
    • Arterioles are small branches of arteries that lead to capillaries.
    • Veins carry blood back to the heart.
    • Venules collect blood from capillaries and drain into veins.
    • Capillaries are the smallest, thin-walled vessels involved in gas exchange and nutrient transport.
    • Blood vessels become gradually smaller as they migrate away from the heart.

    Blood Circulation

    • Systemic circulation carries blood around the body and back to the heart.
    • Coronary circulation supplies blood to the heart itself.
    • Hepatic circulation supplies blood to the liver.
    • Cerebral circulation supplies arterial blood to the brain.
    • Renal circulation supplies arterial blood to the kidneys.
    • Splanchnic circulation supplies arterial blood to the digestive tract.
    • Pulmonary circulation carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

    Blood Composition

    • Blood is a fluid connective tissue made up of plasma (liquid portion) and blood cells (solid portion).
      • Plasma is primarily water and contains dissolved substances like proteins, electrolytes, hormones, nutrients, and wastes.
      • Blood cells include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets).

    Blood Functions

    • Transport: Blood carries oxygen to tissues, transports nutrients, removes metabolic wastes, and transports hormones.
    • Regulation: Blood regulates body fluid volumes, temperature, acid-base balance, and helps protect against infection.

    Lymphatic System

    • The lymphatic system is made up of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph organs, and lymphatic tissue, helping maintain fluid balance and immune responses.
    • Lymphatic organs include bone marrow, tonsils, thymus, and spleen.
    • Lymph vessels carry lymph (fluid) toward the heart.
    • Lymph nodes filter lymph and contain immune cells.
    • The lymphatic system assists in combating foreign bodies, such as bacteria, viruses and other infective agents.

    Endocrine System

    • The endocrine system is a regulatory system composed of glands that release hormones into the circulatory system.
    • Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate the activity of other cells.
    • The Hypothalamus and Pituitary glands regulate much of the endocrine system.
    • There are three primary classes of hormones: steroids, peptides, and amines
    • Hormones are secreted from a gland and act on a target cell in another part of the body.
      • Target cells have specific receptors for the hormone triggering a reaction.

    Hormones

    • Hormones play important roles in growth, fattening, reproduction, lactation, and egg-laying.
    • Specific hormone examples include Growth, Adrenocorticotropic, Thyroid-Stimulating, Gonadotropic and Prolactin, from the anterior pituitary.
    • The posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
    • Adrenal hormones include glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone).

    Hypothalamus & Pituitary

    • The hypothalamus controls the pituitary, releasing hormones that stimulate or inhibit other endocrine glands.
    • The anterior pituitary releases hormones that regulate growth, stress, thyroid, and reproductive functions.
    • The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus (oxytocin and ADH).

    Thyroid Gland

    • Located in the neck, the thyroid gland produces hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate metabolism.

    Pancreas

    • The pancreas is part of the digestive system and endocrine system.
    • It has exocrine functions (producing digestive enzymes) and endocrine functions, including regulating blood sugar.
    • Hormones released by the pancreas are insulin and glucagon.
    • Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon increases them.

    Adrenal Glands

    • Situated near the kidneys, the adrenal glands produce hormones that regulate stress response (epinephrine, norepinephrine) and control electrolytes.

    Ovaries

    • Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the reproductive system and estrous cycle.

    Testes

    • Testes (in males) produce testosterone and estrogen, which regulate reproductive functions and male sexual characteristics

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Muscular System PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the properties of muscle tissue and the functions of the cardiovascular system. This quiz covers key characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, as well as the roles of various heart structures and hormones in the body. Enhance your understanding of these essential bodily systems.

    More Like This

    Cardiovascular System: Atrial Function and Heart Muscle
    26 questions
    Lab Histology for Cardiovascular System
    10 questions
    Cardiovascular System Quiz
    10 questions
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser