30 Questions
Which type of glands are activated by muscarinic agonists?
Sweat glands
What is the main effect on the heart due to muscarine stimulation?
Bradycardia
Which mushroom has a high content of muscarine?
Inocybe sp
What effect does muscarine have on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
Increased tone in the stomach
Which of the following is NOT a physiological response to muscarinic stimulation?
Increased bronchial secretion
What physiological response is NOT mediated by muscarinic stimulation?
Increased potassium currents at the SA node
What is the major factor that determines the net effect of a ganglion blocker?
Sympathetic tone in the tissue affected
What effect do ganglion blockers have on blood pressure?
Decrease peripheral resistance
What is the most common heart effect of ganglion blockers?
Bradycardia
What adverse effect do ganglion blockers have on the eyes?
Blurred vision and difficulty focusing
How do ganglion blockers affect glandular secretions?
Decrease saliva and sweat production
What is a notable adverse effect of ganglion blockers on the urinary bladder?
Difficulty in emptying the bladder
What is the mechanism of action of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?
They inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine by cholinesterase
Which drug class forms stable complexes with cholinesterase to compete with acetylcholine in the active sites?
Anticholinesterase drugs
In which locations do acetylcholinesterase inhibitors modify transmission?
Autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic nerve endings, neuromuscular junction, and CNS
Which of the following drugs belongs to the REVERSIBLE anticholinesterase classification?
Physostigmine
What are the pharmacological actions of anticholinesterases related to nicotinic receptors like?
Initial activation followed by paralysis due to desensitization of nicotinic receptors
What is the main effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on muscarinic receptors?
Massive activation of parasympathetic target organs
What triggers the release of acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles at the nerve terminal?
Ca2+ influx
What type of receptor does acetylcholine act upon to open channels for ion flow?
Nicotinic receptor
How do neuromuscular blocking drugs primarily induce skeletal muscle paralysis?
Interfering with nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle
Which ions play a crucial role in muscle action potential and contraction?
Ca2+ and K+
What is the purpose of the transverse tubular system in muscle tissue?
To facilitate the spread of excitation throughout the muscle tissue
Which function is NOT affected by neuromuscular blocking drugs according to the given text?
Sensory function
What is the mechanism of action of Persistent Depolarization Blockers like succinylcholine?
Inducing persistent depolarization by activating nicotinic receptors intensely
What effect do Persistent Depolarization Blockers have on the neuromuscular junction?
Produce a flaccid paralysis by blocking the junction
How do Persistent Depolarization Blockers differ from Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in terms of reversibility?
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors do not reverse drug effects
What differentiates Persistent Depolarization Blockers from nicotinic antagonists?
Persistent Depolarization Blockers initially cause persistent depolarization
Why can administering an Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor not reverse the effects of Persistent Depolarization Blockers?
Because of the nature of persistent depolarization induced by the blockers
What is the primary reason for the flaccid paralysis caused by Persistent Depolarization Blockers?
Intense activation of nicotinic receptors followed by persistent depolarization
Test your knowledge on muscarine, its effects on smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands, as well as its presence in different mushrooms. Explore the physiological responses triggered by muscarine, including bradycardia and activation of the SA node. Prepare for a quiz on pharmacology and physiology.
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