Multiple Sclerosis Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which feature is involved in Multiple Sclerosis but not in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis?

T cell migration into the brain

Oligodendrocyte death and demyelination

Cytokine production in the CNS

EBV Infection of B Cells (correct)

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

Brain & Spinal Cord

All Nervous Tissue outside the CNS

Cranial Nerves & Spinal Nerves

Peripheral Nerves, Nerve Roots, Ganglia (correct)

Where are sensory neuronal cell bodies located?

Spinal Cord Gray Matter

Dorsal Root Ganglion (correct)

Ventral horn of the spinal cord

Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

What composes nerve bundles or fascicles?

Numerous axons belonging to motor neurons &/or sensory neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding the endoneurium and Schwann cells?

They promote peripheral nerve regeneration Signup and view all the answers

The 'glove & stocking syndrome' typically indicates loss of sensation in which area?

Distal extremities Signup and view all the answers

Nissl bodies are characterized by which of the following?

Accumulations of rough Endoplasmic Reticulum in neuronal cell bodies Signup and view all the answers

Wallerian degeneration primarily occurs in which part of the neuron?

The distal axon Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nerve injury is classified as mild and involves peripheral nerve damage?

Saturday-night palsy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes neurotmesis?

It interrupts the axon, myelin, and nerve sheath. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Guillain-Barre Syndrome, which statement is true?

It may start as a demyelinating condition and progress. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of lower motor neuron degeneration?

Flaccid paralysis Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for neuronal excitation?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment would indicate an upper motor neuron (UMN) pathology in an adult?

Dorsiflexed foot with toes fanned out Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a motor unit?

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for B-cell therapy in the treatment of MS?

Depletes B-cells that produce autoantibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of anti-integrin therapy like Natalizumab?

Increased risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) Signup and view all the answers

In HSC transplantation for MS, what is the primary goal of the procedure?

To eliminate autoreactive immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a difference between EAE models and human MS?

EAE models tend to be more severe than human MS cases. Signup and view all the answers

The structure of the peripheral nervous system primarily consists of which types of cells?

Schwann cells and satellite cells Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about disease-modifying therapies for MS is correct?

Most of these therapies have a risk of significant immune suppression. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the clinical presentation of MS is most accurate?

Symptoms can range from minimal signs to severe disability. Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between low latitudes and MS prevalence is likely linked to which factor?

Increased exposure to ultraviolet light and vitamin D levels. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Practise Questions - Summary

Multiple sclerosis: A demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, not always a relapsing/remitting disease course. (False)
MS characteristics: Secondary progressive MS has a long progressive phase, followed by a remission, and then a second long progressive phase. Most common in women over 60. Symptoms vary widely, from minimal signs to severe disability and death. Myelin sheath thins due to inflammation/degeneration.
MS prevalence: Higher at lower latitudes, linked to sun/UVB exposure and vitamin D levels. (True)
MS aetiology: The most important genetic factor is MHC haplotype. Having an identical twin with MS increases the risk. EBV infection may be a necessary but not sufficient trigger. Blood-brain barrier prevents immune cells from directly entering the CNS, but B cells and auto-antibodies are involved. (False statement is: B cells that produce autoantibodies reactive to components of myelin are NOT involved in the pathogenesis of MS.)
MS therapies: Many disease-modifying therapies exist, but none actively repair damaged CNS. (True)
MS therapy safety profile (safest first): Interferon beta (Cytokine therapy), Ocrelizumab (B-cell therapy), Natalizumab (anti a4 integrin therapy), Alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 depleting antibody therapy), HSC transplantation.

Peripheral Nervous System and Nerve Bundles

Peripheral Nervous System: Made up of peripheral nerves, nerve roots, and ganglia.
Sensory Neuron Cell Bodies: Located in the Dorsal Root Ganglion.
Nerve Bundles/Fascicles: Composed of numerous axons from motor and/or sensory neurons.
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Endoneurium and Schwann cells play key roles. (True)

Neurological Syndromes and Symptoms

Glove and stocking syndrome: Predominant loss of sensation in distal extremities.
Mononeuropathy: Specific deficits from a single affected nerve.
Mononeuritis multiplex: Asymmetrical deficits from multiple affected nerves.
Polyneuropathy: Affects numerous peripheral nerves.
Polyradiculoneuropathy: Affects multiple nerve roots.
Chronic Diabetic Neuropathy: Example of axonal axonopathy.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Acute-onset disease, can be initially demyelinating.
Nissl bodies: Accumulations of rough ER in neuronal cell bodies, indicative of healthy protein production.
Wallerian degeneration: Occurs in the distal axon.

Other Neurological Conditions

Multiple Sclerosis related notes: relapsing-remitting, secondary-progressive, primary-progressive, and relapsing-progressive MS.
Pathological findings:
Amyloid plaques: Extracellular accumulation of amyloid beta peptides
Neurofibrillary tangles: Intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Motor symptoms: rigidity, bradykinesia, akinesia
Non-motor symptoms: depression, hyposmia, sleep disorders.
Risk Factors for Parkinson's Disease: Age, male sex, pesticide exposure, and head injury history.
Prodromal Symptoms: Constipation, loss of smell, dementia, dysphagia, REM sleep behaviour disorder, bradykinesia, and depression.
Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS/FTD): Motor neuron loss, typically characterized by progressive muscle weakness, leading to paralysis, and is caused by both genetic and environmental factors.
Symptoms of AD: Mild mood changes, confusion, memory loss, poor judgment, wandering, restlessness, significant weight loss, increased sleeping, loss of bladder/bowel control, dependence, language impairments, sundowning.
Compensatory increase: Increase of Acetylcholine receptors in denervated muscle fibres.
Gene editing/silencing: CRISPR technology or preventing the production of a mutant protein.
Mechanisms of action: (includes gamma-secretase inhibitors - have effects on other important proteins, beta secretase inhibitors - difficult to penetrate the BBB, inhibition of Aβ aggregation, and stimulation of enzymes).
Immunotherapy: Active and passive immunotherapy against amyloid beta - shows progress.
Tau Protein: Under normal conditions it stabilizes microtubules and regulates axonal transport.
Glioblastomas: Grade IV tumors that rarely spread to the subarachnoid space, and invade rapidly.

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Description

Test your knowledge on multiple sclerosis (MS) with this comprehensive quiz. Explore key characteristics, prevalence factors, and the underlying aetiology of MS. This quiz is designed to deepen your understanding of this complex demyelinating disease.