Practise Questions PDF

***Practise questions*** 1. **Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that always follows a relapsing/ remitting disease course.** - True - False 2. **Which of the following statements about MS is correct:** - To diagnose MS it is always essen...

***Practise questions*** 1. **Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that always follows a relapsing/ remitting disease course.** - True - False 2. **Which of the following statements about MS is correct:** - To diagnose MS it is always essential to detect oligoclonal IgG bands in cerebrospinal fluid. - Secondary progressive MS is a disease course that has a long progressive phase of increasing disability followed by a phase of disease remission that then has a second long progressive phase. - MS most commonly presents in women over the age of 60. - The symptoms of MS vary widely and can range from minimal clinical signs to severe disability and death. - The myelin sheath that insulates oligodendrocyte dendrites becomes thinner and loses function because of inflammation/degeneration in the CNS. 3. **The prevalence of MS is higher at lower latitudes, and this is closely linked with sun /UVB exposure and vitamin D levels.** - True - False 4. **Which if the following statements about the aetiology of MS is false:** - The most important genetic factor that drives risk of developing MS is a person's MHC haplotype. - Having an identical twin who has MS increases the risk of developing MS. - EBV infection is likely to be a necessary but not a sufficient trigger for developing MS. - The blood brain barrier prevents cells of the immune system from accessing the CNS so MS is caused by soluble factors produced by immune cells outside of the CNS. - B cells that produce autoantibodies reactive to components of myelin are involved in the pathogenesis of MS. 5. **There are many disease modifying therapies available for MS patients nowadays but none that actively promote repair of the damaged CNS.** - True - False 6. **Place the following disease modifying therapies available for MS patients in order of their safety profile (safest first) -- all in order** - Interferon beta (Cytokine therapy) - Ocrelizumab (B- cell therapy) - Natalizumab (anti a4 integrin therapy) - Alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 depleting antibody therapy) - HSC transplantation 7. **EAE models of MS provide an experimental model that recapitulates all of the features of human MS.** - True - False 8. **Which of the following features is involved in MS but not in EAE:** - ​Oligodendrocyte death and demyelination - Cytokine production in the CNS - T cell migration into the brain - EBV Infection of B Cels - ​​​​​​Autoantibody production by B cells 9. **The peripheral nervous system is made up of:** - Brain & Spinal Cord - Peripheral Nerves, Nerve Roots, Ganglia 10. **Sensory neuronal cell bodies are found in the:** - Ventral horn of the spinal cord - Dorsal horn of the spinal cord - Dorsal Root Ganglion 11. **Nerve bundles/fascicles are made up of:** - Numerous peripheral nerves - Motor neuron cell bodies - Numerous axons belonging to motor neurons &/or sensory neurons - Sensory neuron cell bodies 12. **The endoneurium and Schwann cells are important for peripheral nerve regeneration.** - True - False 13. **The \"glove & stocking syndrome\" is illustrative of predominant loss of sensation in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_?** - distal extremities - proximal limbs 14. **Drag the words into the correct boxes**. Specific deficits that result from a single affected nerve is known as \_\_\_ [mononeuropathy]. Asymmetrical but specific deficits can result from \_ [mononeuritis complex]. Polyneuropathy results from  [Multiple; Distal nerves.] that are impaired. Polyradiculoneuropathy indicates that multiple nerves and [nerve roots.]  are affected. [Multiple; Distal, mononeuritis complex, nerve roots, mononeuropathy ] 15. **Drag the words into the correct boxes** - Chronic Diabetic Neuropathy is an example of a  [Axonal axonopathy] - Guillain-Barre Syndrome is an example of a  [demyelinating] axonal axonopathy - Schwann cells and myelin sheath are affected in  [Demyelinating] axonopathies. - The axon is specifically affected in  [Axonal] axonopathies. 16. **Nissl bodies are:** - accumulations of rough Endoplasmic Reticulum in neuronal cell bodies - accumulations of Mitochondria in neuronal cell bodies - indicative of healthy neuronal cell bodies that are producing and secreting proteins - accumulations of pathogenetic proteins within a neuron indicating impending cell death 17. **Wallerian degeneration occurs in:** - the neuronal cell body - the distal axon - target/effector cell - the proximal axon 18. **Drag the words into the correct boxes** - Saturday-night palsy is a form of [mild] peripheral nerve injury also known as [neurapraxia] - If neurotransmission is interrupted but the nerve sheath is intact, this is known as [axonotmesis] and can be a [mild-moderate] injury. - [Neurotmesis] is considered a[ severe ]injury due to interrupting the axon, myelin & the nerve sheath. 19. **Tick all the options that are true of Guillain-Barre Syndrome.** - It is a chronic-onset peripheral neuropathy. - It is an acute-onset disease. - It is strictly an axonal axonopathy only. - It starts as a demyelinating axonopathy and can progress to become an axonal axonopathy. 20. **Fill in the blank.** - The neurotransmitter that is released and acts within the neuromuscular junction is known as . Acetylcholine 21. **Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used to treat Botulism.** - True - False 22. **A motor unit is defined as:** - A single muscle fibre innervated by multiple motor neurons - A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates 23. **Amyotrophy results from degenerating:** - lower motor neurons - upper motor neurons 24. **In ALS-FTD, patients only experience pure-motor symptoms.** - True - False 25. **In infantile spinal muscular atrophy, \"floppy-baby syndrome\" or hypotonia results from:** - upper motor neuron loss - lower motor neuron loss 26. **Which of the following neurotransmitters is responsible for excitation of neurons?** - Glutamate - GABA 27. **Drag the words into the correct boxes** - Flaccid paralysis would result from the loss of lower motor neurons. - Spastic paralysis would result from the loss of upper motor neurons. 28. **A clinician strokes the sole of a patient\'s foot. The response is a dorsiflexed foot with toes that \"fan-out\".\ Tick all the relevant options.** - If the patient is an adult, this is indicative of an LMN pathology. - If the patient is an adult, this is considered a healthy response. - If the patient is \