Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Pathophysiology and Risk Factors

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What is the age range when Multiple Sclerosis usually occurs?

20-50 (correct)

30-60

40-70

15-30

What is the role of the immune system in Multiple Sclerosis?

It eats away at the protective covering of nerves (myelin) (correct)

It repairs damaged nerve fibers

It produces myelin for nerve fibers

It protects the spinal cord from infection

What is the characteristic of Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis?

Periods of remission with no increase in disability

Steady increase in disability without attacks (correct)

Unpredictable attacks with periods of remission

Initial relapsing-remitting followed by a steady increase in disability

Which group of people is more likely to be affected by Multiple Sclerosis?

Women of European ancestry Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of Multiple Sclerosis on daily life?

Limits daily activities and affects childbearing and caregiving Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis?

Unpredictable attacks with periods of remission Signup and view all the answers

What is the early sign of Multiple Sclerosis?

Intentional tremor - hand starts shaking when you reach for something Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of Multiple Sclerosis that combines a steady increase in disability with superimposed attacks?

Progressive Relapsing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the symptom characterized by involuntary eye movement?

Nystagmus Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Visual Evoked Response (VER) test?

To measure the electrical signal generated at the visual cortex in response to visual stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to walk, which is a late sign of the disease?

IUD Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of oligoclonal bands in the CSF?

They are a type of antibody that is produced in response to the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the immunoglobulin blood test?

To measure the level of immunoglobulins in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the feeling of numbness and tingling?

Paresthesia Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the presence of plaques in two areas of the brain and spinal cord?

It is a diagnostic indicator of the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sudden, involuntary muscle contractions?

Muscle spasms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tertiary prevention in managing MS symptoms?

Reduce spasticity, tremor, pain, fatigue, and maintain functional ability Signup and view all the answers

What type of exercises are used to maintain functional ability in MS patients?

ROM exercises and strengthening Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of home and environmental assessment in managing MS symptoms?

To identify activities that elevate body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using immunomodulators in MS treatment?

To modify the course of the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the side effect of Interferon Beta 1A (Avonex, Rebif) that affects the hair?

Alopecia Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency of administration of Interferon Beta 1A (Avonex, Rebif)?

Weekly Signup and view all the answers

What is the main indication for using Mitoxantrone?

To stop relapses in multiple sclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using eye patches in MS patients?

To treat diplopia Signup and view all the answers

What is the concern when using immunomodulators in MS treatment?

Secondary infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Vitamin D in the body?

To promote calcium absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of Corticosteroids in multiple sclerosis?

To reduce recovery time by decreasing inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the class of Natalizumab?

Immunosuppressant Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the space where Corticosteroids may be administered?

Intrathecal space Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the synthetic protein that is similar to a myelin-based protein?

Glatiramer acetate Signup and view all the answers

What are the AHH PIGS associated with?

Corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of Glatiramer acetate?

Pregnancy or breastfeeding Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physical manifestation of Iatrogenic Cushing's Syndrome?

Moon face and buffalo hump Signup and view all the answers

Why should clients taking Corticosteroids decrease sodium in their diets?

To prevent fluid retention Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential interaction between Corticosteroids and grapefruit juice?

Increased serum levels of Corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

Why should clients taking Corticosteroids avoid receiving a 'live' vaccine?

Due to the suppressed immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of combining Corticosteroids with digoxin?

Increased risk of digoxin-induced dysrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of Glucocorticoids?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Why should clients taking Glucocorticoids take their medication in the morning with food?

To coincide with the body's natural secretion of cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential interaction between Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs?

Increased risk of GI bleeding Signup and view all the answers