Multiple Governments: Unitary vs Federal Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the key characteristic of a unitary system of government?

  • Constitutional provisions guarantee regional autonomy.
  • A single, sovereign government controls all aspects. (correct)
  • Multiple governments coexist with equal sovereignty.
  • Sovereignty is divided among different levels of government.

    • In a federal system, how is sovereignty structured?

  • Sovereignty is absolute in the local government.
  • Sovereignty is shared between the central and regional governments. (correct)
  • Sovereignty is centralized in the regional governments.
  • Sovereignty exists only at the national level.

    • Which of the following best represents the term 'devolution' in governance?

  • The establishment of new separate states from a central government.
  • The elimination of all governmental tiers except the central government.
  • The complete transfer of sovereignty to local governments.
  • The process where power is transferred from a central government to regional governments. (correct)

    • What does the 'continuum of centralization' illustrate?

    <p>The varying degrees of government autonomy among states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do regional governments play in a federal system?

    <p>They hold sovereignty and are outlined in the constitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of government does NOT have constituent governments?

    <p>Unitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of government maintains a central government with regard to regional autonomy?

    <p>Federal system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a confederation?

    <p>It is characterized by a union of sovereign states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of federalism?

    <p>Centralization of governing authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the primary reason for implementing a federal system of government?

    <p>To recognize and accommodate regional diversity within governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of checks on government power, which entity coordinates local representation?

    <p>The federal government checks provinces and factions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation P.O.G.G. stand for in the context of Canadian federalism?

    <p>Peace, Order, Good Government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following powers are not explicitly mentioned under federal powers?

    <p>Property and civil rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to James Madison in Federalist 10, what is a primary concern of factions in government?

    <p>The potential for factions to infringe on the rights of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of James Madison's Federalist 10 in relation to government responsibility?

    <p>It highlights the dangers of factions and their impact on local representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Peace, Order and Good Government' (P.O.G.G) principle imply in Canadian federalism?

    <p>It justifies federal intervention in provincial matters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the nature of checks on government power in Canadian federalism?

    <p>Both federal and provincial governments exert checks on each other's powers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary concern arises from the complexities of federalism as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Balancing power between provinces and the federal government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a federal system from a unitary system regarding sovereignty?

    <p>Sovereignty is shared between central and regional governments in a federal system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes the term 'devolution' in the context of government structure?

    <p>The transferring of responsibilities or powers from a central government to regional governments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a unitary government system, how are the powers of regional governments characterized?

    <p>Regional governments are created and controlled by the central government with limited authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of regional governments in a federal system according to constitutional law?

    <p>They possess constitutionally enshrined powers that allow for self-governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the concept of 'integration' occur within the continuum of centralization?

    <p>When there is a shift towards greater collaboration between central and regional governments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of both unitary and federal systems concerning government structure?

    <p>Both systems can contain regional or local governments within their structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the nature of sovereignty in a confederation?

    <p>Sovereignty is retained by the constituent states or provinces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily illustrated by the 'continuum of centralization' in terms of governance?

    <p>A spectrum showing varying degrees of central and regional government powers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant complexity associated with federalism?

    <p>The potential for overlapping authorities and jurisdictional conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the political conflict mentioned in the content?

    <p>Opposition over governmental actions or proposals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of civil disobedience?

    <p>Breaking a law while accepting punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is described as an extreme left wing and anti-democratic organization?

    <p>Antifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 'opportunity structures' in the context of unconventional politics?

    <p>The openings offered by political institutions for movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the violent strategies used by groups seeking political change?

    <p>Terrorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a form of protest?

    <p>Civil lawsuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the role of marginalized actors in protests?

    <p>They seek to bring attention to significant issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do radical right wing populists present themselves according to the content?

    <p>As alternatives to democratic conservatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is associated with a form of political protest that operates beyond formal political channels?

    <p>Unconventional politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'transnational political protest' refer to?

    <p>Collaborative protests across multiple countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the approach of counter-insurgency as outlined in the content?

    <p>A combination of military action and addressing the political grievances of supporters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is most associated with guerrilla warfare?

    <p>Utilizing hit and run tactics and familiarity with local terrain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of political violence, how is 'terrorism' primarily categorized?

    <p>Can include both organized group actions and individual acts without formal ties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of spontaneous political violence?

    <p>It occurs without prior planning or intention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of terrorism is characterized by individuals adopting the goals of a group without formal affiliation?

    <p>Lone wolf terrorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is often faced by counter-insurgency operations?

    <p>Drawing clear lines between guerrillas and civilians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects is least likely to be a goal of regime/government violence?

    <p>Promoting democratic processes and reforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of protracted political violence?

    <p>It involves extended periods of conflict and instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of interest/advocacy groups is primarily characterized by formal organizations with established memberships and aims to advance long-term interests?

    <p>Associational groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of political parties in a democratic context?

    <p>Providing a channel for mass political participation and accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of political party is characterized by drawing support from regular dues-paying members?

    <p>Mass party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor contributing to the increased influence of interest/advocacy groups?

    <p>Advancements in technology for communication and fundraising</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of political parties in government?

    <p>Strictly enforcing party loyalty among members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interest group primarily advocates for specific interests of its members rather than for the broader community?

    <p>Self-interest groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a mass political party from other types of parties?

    <p>Their strong connection with grassroots movements and high membership engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do institutional interest groups primarily distinguish themselves?

    <p>By having permanent offices and paid staff associated with the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines an issue-oriented advocacy group?

    <p>A group that forms spontaneously in response to a specific issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political party system includes more than two dominant parties competing for power?

    <p>Multi-party system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do interest groups differ from political parties?

    <p>Interest groups focus on specific issues rather than seeking broader political power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable distinction between interest/advocacy groups and political parties?

    <p>Interest groups seek to influence government policy without aiming for governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of cadre parties?

    <p>They are mainly concerned with electing party members to legislative bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of political party is characterized by a flexible approach to principles, often borrowing proposals from others?

    <p>Brokerage parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Programmatic parties primarily focus on what aspect of their political agenda?

    <p>Implementing specific policies based on ideological doctrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do interest parties primarily seek to achieve?

    <p>Directly implement specific policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes personalistic parties?

    <p>They center around a powerful leader with a weak organizational structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of brokerage parties, what is a significant strategy they employ?

    <p>Seeking compromises to accommodate various interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation often encountered by programmatic parties?

    <p>Accusations of inconsistency in their platforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of electoral-professional parties?

    <p>Strict adherence to a specific ideological doctrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a one-party dominant system in a political context?

    <p>Multiple parties exist, but one party has significant control over the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of movement parties as described?

    <p>They originate from political movements seeking fundamental social change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about multi-party systems is true?

    <p>They tend to have frequent changes in government due to compromise difficulties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature distinguishes a two-party plus system from a standard two-party system?

    <p>It involves more than two primary parties in electoral competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the challenges of coalition governance in multi-party systems?

    <p>Negotiating consensus among diverse parties can lead to frequent government changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of political party system does a single party exist legally without permission for others?

    <p>One-party system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines party representation in relation to member demographics?

    <p>Membership often comprises higher income individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios is an example of a two-party system?

    <p>The United Kingdom's Conservatives and Labour parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of traditional authoritarianism contributes to limited political mobilization?

    <p>Fear of political instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In transformational authoritarianism, political pluralism is primarily restricted due to which factor?

    <p>Ideological or religious conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the military in traditional authoritarian regimes?

    <p>Functions as a powerful tool for intimidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically associated with the official ideology of transformational authoritarianism?

    <p>Liberal democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the economic strategy employed in traditional authoritarian states?

    <p>Statism and government direction of the economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a major reason for authoritarian regimes to revert to civilian governance?

    <p>International pressure for democratization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the characteristic of centralized economic planning in transformational authoritarianism?

    <p>State control over economic production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of a totalitarian regime as described in the content?

    <p>Centralized economic planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect differentiates transformational authoritarianism from totalitarianism?

    <p>Promotion of controlled political mobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of totalitarianism, what does 'pseudo-democratic rule' imply?

    <p>Forced participation in uncompetitive elections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is crucial to understanding the concept of a one-party state in totalitarian regimes?

    <p>The penetration of a mass party into all societal aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does police control play in transformational authoritarian regimes?

    <p>Instills fear and reinforces power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic most accurately describes 'cult of personality' in totalitarian systems?

    <p>Strong emotional and ideological attachment to a single leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best captures the economic control within totalitarian regimes?

    <p>Central control directs economic activity effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the role of foreign workers in Qaddafi's regime contrast with typical approaches in fully authoritarian systems?

    <p>Engagement of foreign workers is allowed for technical expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of terroristic police control in totalitarian regimes?

    <p>To suppress opposition and enforce conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does controlled communication have in a totalitarian state?

    <p>Results in the domination of state-sanctioned narratives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes totalitarianism from authoritarianism?

    <p>Totalitarianism aims for total control over all aspects of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of authoritarianism is typically associated with military influence?

    <p>Military authoritarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method describes government power maintained through dubious electoral practices?

    <p>Hybrid regimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of traditional authoritarianism?

    <p>Limited political pluralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hybrid authoritarianism typically maintain its power?

    <p>Through corruption and electoral fraud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the military in traditional authoritarian systems?

    <p>They may come to power via a coup d'état.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of totalitarianism is most distinct from other forms of governance?

    <p>Manipulation of social and political structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is least likely to be present in authoritarian regimes?

    <p>Free and fair elections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of right-wing authoritarianism?

    <p>It often supports existing social hierarchies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs under traditional authoritarian regimes regarding political opposition?

    <p>Political opposition is tolerated as long as it does not challenge the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of using an alternative/preferential ballot system?

    <p>It results in fewer wasted votes compared to traditional systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the impact of proportional representation on political parties?

    <p>It often leads to the formation of coalition governments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the single-transferable vote (STV) system determine election winners?

    <p>Using a predetermined quota formula to assess seat allocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a mixed-member proportional (MMP) system, what is the purpose of the second ballot?

    <p>To ensure proportional representation for political parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the highest average method in proportional representation systems?

    <p>It uses a formula to calculate the average of votes received to allocate seats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is essential for elections to be considered democratic?

    <p>Regular, reasonably frequent intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a mixed electoral system from purely plurality/majority or proportional systems?

    <p>Combines both individual votes and party lists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In autocratic elections, what is the primary role of voters?

    <p>To ratify candidates predetermined by the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a component of universal adult suffrage?

    <p>Eligibility based on residency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electoral system allows voters to rank candidates in order of preference?

    <p>Alternative vote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge faced by voters in newly established democracies?

    <p>Sufficient information to make informed choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition does NOT promote accountability in democratic elections?

    <p>Elections that can be postponed as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electoral system is associated with receiving more votes than any other candidate in a constituency?

    <p>Single-member plurality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electoral system was used in the majority run-off system?

    <p>Two rounds of voting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the alternative/preferential vote system operate during elections?

    <p>Voters rank their preferences and recounts occur until a majority is determined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the majority-plurality system in elections?

    <p>A plurality is sufficient to win on the second ballot if no majority is achieved in the first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of majority electoral systems on the relationship between votes and seats?

    <p>More votes may lead to fewer seats for a party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the persistent underrepresentation of specific parties in a majority electoral system?

    <p>Thinly spread vote distribution of certain parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon does overrepresentation in election outcomes often indicate?

    <p>Large shifts in seats due to minor changes in popular vote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome for the Green Party in relation to their percentage of votes and seats?

    <p>Lower representation despite substantial vote share</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem might arise due to the winner-take-all feature of electoral systems?

    <p>Potential marginalization of fringe parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does a landslide victory have on political representation?

    <p>It can drastically shift seats with minor changes in vote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of the representation of minority parties in a majority electoral system?

    <p>They receive minimal legislative attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of totalitarian regimes?

    <p>A single mass party controlling all aspects of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the police control in authoritarian regimes?

    <p>Police terrorism reinforces government power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'pseudo-democratic rule' often refer to in totalitarian systems?

    <p>Enforced participation in election processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best captures the role of the leader in totalitarian regimes?

    <p>The leader holds absolute power and is often viewed as a cult figure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approach to economic planning in authoritarian states?

    <p>Characterized by centralized control with limitations due to corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic strategy was commonly used by South Korea's military regime between 1961 and 1988?

    <p>Promotion of specific industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the nature of political mobilization in traditional authoritarian regimes?

    <p>Limited political mobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the military typically play in traditional authoritarian regimes?

    <p>As a tool for political intimidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of transformational authoritarian regimes?

    <p>Centralized economic planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common element of official ideologies observed in transformational authoritarian governments?

    <p>Socialist or Islamist foundations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of political structure is characterized by restricted political pluralism?

    <p>Transformational authoritarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge faced by transformational authoritarian regimes in pursuing their goals?

    <p>Practical limitations of revolutionary goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a tactic used by transformational authoritarian regimes?

    <p>Substantial political freedoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of authoritarianism?

    <p>Unquestioned authority without fair electoral processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of traditional authoritarianism?

    <p>Involvement of the military in political matters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to governments that maintain their power through electoral fraud and legal tactics?

    <p>Hybrid systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes totalitarianism from other forms of government?

    <p>Centralized control over almost all aspects of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does traditional authoritarianism typically view political pluralism?

    <p>Tolerated only if it does not challenge the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a variety of authoritarianism?

    <p>Direct democratic government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the underlying ideology in traditional authoritarianism?

    <p>Based on existing structures with minimal transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of authoritarianism is known for its religious basis?

    <p>Theocratic authoritarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT essential for democratic elections?

    <p>Participation based on property ownership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of autocratic elections?

    <p>Government-selected candidates are ratified by voters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electoral system involves the concept of 'First Past the Post'?

    <p>Plurality/Majority system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a mixed electoral system?

    <p>Combines elements of plurality and proportional representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a consequence of electoral systems that utilize majority-runoff elections?

    <p>Stronger voter engagement with multiple rounds of voting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is characteristic of proportional electoral systems?

    <p>Seats are allocated based on the percentage of votes received</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does NOT support the legitimacy of elections?

    <p>Rigorously enforced penalties for non-participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor impacts voter support in elections?

    <p>A wide range of issues and policies presented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of using the alternative/preferential ballot in electoral systems?

    <p>It allows for quick results without the need for runoff elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes proportional representation systems?

    <p>They generally result in coalitions and involve party lists for candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a list system, how are candidates elected?

    <p>The top candidates on a party's prioritized list are elected according to the percentage of votes received.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Single-Transferable Vote (STV) system aim to achieve?

    <p>Ballots can be transferred to subsequent choices if the initial candidate has been elected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mixed systems in electoral representation?

    <p>They combine two different forms of representation: local and proportional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In proportional representation systems, what typically happens when a voter's first choice candidate has already secured a seat?

    <p>Their vote counts towards a party's overall percentage for additional seats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a quota/largest remainder system rely on for candidates to secure seats?

    <p>Achieving a predetermined quota of votes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are coalition governments typically formed in proportional representation systems?

    <p>Through negotiations between multiple parties after elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue can arise from a majority electoral system in elections with multiple candidates?

    <p>More votes leading to fewer seats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the British Columbia election of 1996, which outcome was observed regarding votes and seats?

    <p>Fewer votes led to increased seats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a problem with majority electoral systems?

    <p>Thinly spread votes leading to underrepresentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the distribution of seats based on votes typically manifest under majority systems?

    <p>Major shifts in seat distribution can occur from small changes in votes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which party in the context provided presented a contrast with representation despite vote percentages?

    <p>Bloc Québécois</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of majority systems can undermine democratic legitimacy?

    <p>Overrepresentation of majority parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electoral system modification requires only a plurality to win in the second round?

    <p>Majority-plurality system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electoral system allows voters to rank their preferences?

    <p>Alternative/preferential vote system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which voting method is typically used in France's presidential elections?

    <p>Majority run-off system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of liberalism within liberal/constitutional democracy?

    <p>To ensure freedom and equal rights for individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT typically associated with liberal/constitutional democracy?

    <p>Tyranny of the majority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of liberal/constitutional democracy, what does 'political participation' primarily refer to?

    <p>Engagement in political activities beyond voting, such as advocacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between majority rule and individual rights in a liberal democracy?

    <p>Majority rule can sometimes infringe on individual rights, leading to potential tyranny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does 'conformism' present in a liberal democracy?

    <p>It undermines the principle of individualism and freedom of thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle ensures that every individual's vote carries the same weight in a liberal democracy?

    <p>Political Equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical limitation has characterized the right to vote in liberal democracies?

    <p>Restricted by gender and race restrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a liberal/constitutional democracy, what is a major concern related to 'tyranny of the majority'?

    <p>It leads to the suppression of individual rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the President regarding foreign policy?

    <p>To appoint ambassadors and negotiate treaties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action can a Prime Minister NOT take without support?

    <p>Operate without confidence from the House of Commons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition can the President's veto be overridden?

    <p>By a 2/3 majority in both the House of Commons and the Senate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What institutional limit affects the President's effectiveness in governance?

    <p>The necessity for cooperation between legislative and executive branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the President's power to make appointments?

    <p>All appointments require Senate approval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electoral college votes are needed for a presidential candidate to win the election?

    <p>270</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which states have a unique method for distributing electoral college votes?

    <p>Nebraska and Maine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of terms a president can serve in the U.S.?

    <p>2 terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body is responsible for holding a trial if a president is impeached?

    <p>Senate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen for a Prime Minister to be removed from office?

    <p>Vote of confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In presidential elections, what is defined as 'down ballot races'?

    <p>Elections for congressional seats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the electoral college's function?

    <p>To elect the President based on state votes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the number of electoral college votes assigned to each state?

    <p>Number of legislators from the state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a parliamentary system compared to a presidential system?

    <p>The executive is part of the legislative branch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a Prime Minister usually selected in a parliamentary system?

    <p>By winning their party's leadership vote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the separation of powers in a presidential system?

    <p>Clear lines of authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately reflects the nature of power in a presidential system?

    <p>Powers are commonly shared with significant checks and balances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of party nominations for the presidency, what is a significant part of the process?

    <p>Undertaking a series of state-by-state nomination races.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a party forms a minority government in a parliamentary system?

    <p>They need to maintain confidence to govern effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the judiciary play in a presidential system?

    <p>It functions independently with the authority to check other branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently do presidential elections typically occur?

    <p>Every four years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of populism?

    <p>Focus on placing power in the hands of the people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following leaders is associated with right-wing populism in the United States?

    <p>Donald Trump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political party in Canada was formed in response to the discontent of farmers post WW1?

    <p>United Farmers Association (UFA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political ideology is positioned on the left of the populism spectrum?

    <p>Socialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tactic is commonly utilized by populist leaders to gain support?

    <p>Attacking established institutions and elites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Canadian populist party is known for its opposition to Eastern banks and business interests?

    <p>Social Credit Party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do populist movements typically view globalization?

    <p>As a detrimental influence on local communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of populism?

    <p>A perspective focusing on direct democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of populism, the term 'elites' typically refers to which of the following?

    <p>Those holding power in government and society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political movement in Canada is linked to prairie populism post-World War I?

    <p>United Farmers Association (UFA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of political mechanism is commonly associated with populist movements?

    <p>Referendums and citizen initiatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the ideological spectrum associated with populism?

    <p>Populism can exist along various points of the ideological spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'drain the swamp' signify in the context of populism?

    <p>Eliminating corrupt elites from government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of tradable pollution quotas is aimed at encouraging companies to reduce emissions?

    <p>Companies can trade emission licenses in a market.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does deep ecology primarily emphasize as a justification for reducing natural diversity?

    <p>Vital needs for both human and nonhuman life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge do green parties commonly face in gaining legislative representation?

    <p>Single-member electoral systems that favor larger parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant action advocated by deep ecology proponents?

    <p>Protection and prioritization of nature and all life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is known for its activism against oil sands development?

    <p>Greenpeace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of conservationism within environmentalism?

    <p>Managing natural resources for human benefit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following embodies the principles of deep ecology?

    <p>Believing in intrinsic moral worth of all living beings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant challenge is posed by the concept of the 'Tragedy of the Commons' in environmental protection?

    <p>Difficulty in voluntary protection of common resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best characterizes human welfare ecology as represented by Rachel Carson?

    <p>Addresses human impacts on environmental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pollutant is estimated to have caused the most premature deaths according to WHO statistics?

    <p>Ambient air pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sustainable development primarily emphasize?

    <p>Meeting current needs without compromising future generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes anthropocentric ideology from biocentric ideology?

    <p>Anthropocentrism considers nature solely for human use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a significant outcome of climate change?

    <p>Shrinking ice sheets and rising sea levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ecological approach is characterized by its emphasis on deep ecological principles?

    <p>Ecocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the IUCN Red List, what is a critical global issue related to biodiversity?

    <p>High rates of species extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a central tenet of deep ecology?

    <p>Humans are part of the natural ecosystem with moral obligations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does free market environmentalism seek to address?

    <p>The costlessness and lack of ownership in pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these actions is commonly associated with conservationism?

    <p>Promoting sustainable tourism and wildlife management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ideology underscores the belief that the environment possesses intrinsic value independent of human interests?

    <p>Ecocentric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which significant consequence is associated with climate change?

    <p>Increased incidence of flooding and desertification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration for addressing climate change according to the discussed principles?

    <p>Incorporate future generations into planning and decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant legal decision did the Supreme Court of Canada make in 1928 regarding women?

    <p>Women were not recognized as legal persons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary focus of activism during the Second Wave of feminism?

    <p>Reproductive rights including contraception and abortion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which milestone event in women's history occurred in 1929 in Canada?

    <p>The establishment of the Persons Case.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a result of women's participation in the workforce during World War II?

    <p>Women were provided with government-funded childcare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of feminism as defined in the content?

    <p>Promoting gender equality across various sectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the activism seen in the Second Wave of feminism?

    <p>Advocacy for workplace equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was the first woman elected to the Canadian Parliament?

    <p>Agnes Macphail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical idea underpinned First Wave feminism?

    <p>Women as equal contributors to society and economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the term 'micropolitics of gender equality' in later waves of feminism refer to?

    <p>Individual and localized issues of gender equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Second Wave of feminism from the First Wave?

    <p>A stronger emphasis on reproductive rights and workplace issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year were Chinese Canadian citizens granted the right to vote federally?

    <p>1947</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is NOT traditionally categorized within feminism according to the ideological spectrum provided?

    <p>Patriarchal feminism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the First Wave primarily focus on?

    <p>Legal rights and suffrage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who among the following thinkers contributed significantly to the early philosophical discourse on women's equality?

    <p>Mary Wollstonecraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characterizes the ideological context of feminism?

    <p>An exploration of social practices that marginalize women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what year were Japanese Canadian citizens granted the right to vote?

    <p>1948</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best summarizes the philosophical underpinning of feminism's goal of women's emancipation?

    <p>To challenge existing gender power structures for equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phrase best represents patriarchy as defined in the content?

    <p>A societal structure favoring men in power dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key attributes of ecofeminism as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Explores the connection between environmental issues and women's rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Third Wave feminism primarily differ from its predecessors?

    <p>It emphasizes diversity and individualism among women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of law school graduates in Canada are female?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of women are represented in senior management positions within the private sector in Canada?

    <p>25.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the female earned wage compared to male earnings in 2018?

    <p>$0.87 for every dollar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following categories of students has the lowest representation of women in Canada?

    <p>STEM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of practicing, licensed engineers in Canada are women?

    <p>12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of judges in Canada that are women?

    <p>32-34%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representation of women of color in total management positions?

    <p>6.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best reflects the urgency of working towards gender equality?

    <p>It is urgent and still relevant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sector shows the least proportional representation of women among workers?

    <p>STEM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate interpretation of the 43% statistic mentioned regarding women?

    <p>Percentage of women in pure and applied sciences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of civic nationalism?

    <p>Government structure and democratic principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Irredentism is best described as a claim over territory based on what?

    <p>Historical connections and national identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best exemplifies ethnic nationalism?

    <p>Focus on language and cultural practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a manifestation of nationalism when dealing with perceived threats?

    <p>Censorship of foreign media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle does the concept of self-determination primarily focus on?

    <p>Authority over both domestic and international affairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential outcome of ethnic nationalism?

    <p>Promotion of ethnic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the tyranny of the majority imply in the context of nationalism?

    <p>Dominance of one group over others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects a protectionist measure associated with nationalism?

    <p>Imposing tariffs on imported goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of imperialism tied to nationalism?

    <p>Imposition of control over foreign territories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement is characterized by the demand for a national identity and independence from imperial control after WWII?

    <p>Decolonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major world event is frequently linked to the manifestations of nationalism?

    <p>World Wars I and II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event marked the unification of Germany in 1870?

    <p>Franco-Prussian War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ideology is known for advocating freedom and individual rights while exhibiting tension with state nationalism?

    <p>Liberalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nations experienced a national self-determination movement after the decline of the USSR?

    <p>East Germany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of virulent nationalism as observed in history?

    <p>Association with totalitarian regimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is mentioned as having a nationalist reaction in opposition to imperialism?

    <p>Zionists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor in the emergence of smaller, more homogenous states after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire?

    <p>National independence movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ideology melds communism with nationalism in certain states?

    <p>Totalitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formal structure was established to recognize and legitimize nationalism and nation-states after WWII?

    <p>The United Nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nations are known for their independence movements following the decline of the USSR?

    <p>Czechoslovakia and Hungary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ideological principle is primarily opposed by nationalism and fascism?

    <p>Liberal democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is associated with a leader's strong personal influence over a totalitarian regime?

    <p>Cult of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of a neo-fascist movement?

    <p>Anti-immigrant sentiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept describes the government's control over the economy in a fascist regime?

    <p>Corporate state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is synonymous with the most extreme form of nationalism as described in the content?

    <p>Nazism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common feature links totalitarian regimes as identified by Friedrich and Brzezinski?

    <p>One-party state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of nationalism, what does the phrase 'Nothing outside the state' emphasize?

    <p>Collective identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a prominent aspect of the radical right's philosophy in nationalism?

    <p>White nationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of governance is fundamentally challenged by the anti-democratic nature of nationalism?

    <p>Political representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strategic feature used by totalitarian governments to maintain control over citizens?

    <p>Secret police</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Multiple Governments: Unitary and Federal Systems

    • Unitary systems have a single, sovereign government controlling all aspects of the country.
    • Federal systems divide sovereignty between central and regional (provincial/state) governments.

    Definitions

    • Unitary System: A single sovereign government controls all aspects of the country; the central government is sovereign. Administrative changes involve a transfer of power from the central government.
      • Techniques include devolution (transfer of power) and statutes.
    • Federal System: Sovereignty is divided between central and state/provincial governments. It's a union of partially self-governing regions under a central government. The sovereignty of regional governments is stated in the constitution.

    Levels of Government:

    • Central Government (National): The highest level of government, like the Government of Canada.
    • Regional Government (Provincial/State): Present in federal systems; example, Government of Alberta.
    • Local Government (Municipal): The lowest level, like the city of Calgary.

    Continuum of Centralization

    • Separation (Decentralized): Sovereign states, no central government. Sovereignty is retained through constituent governments. (e.g., no specific examples are given)
    • Confederation: Central government, with sovereignty retained by constituent governments. (e.g., no specific examples are given)
    • Federalism: Sovereignty is shared between central and constituent governments. (e.g., no specific examples are given)
    • Devolution: Constituent governments exist, but sovereignty is monopolized by central government. (e.g., no specific examples are given)
    • Integration (Centralized): Unitary state: no constituent governments. (e.g., no specific examples are given)

    Unitary vs. Federal Countries

    • A world map illustrating the distribution of Federal and Unitary states. [No additional detail currently available].

    Why Federalism?

    • Geography: Geographical factors influencing decisions.
    • Sharing Government Responsibilities: Dividing responsibilities across levels of government.
    • Cultural/Linguistic/Religious Divisions: Acknowledging diverse groups.
    • Checks on Government Power: Creating checks and balances.
    • Legal and Practical: Considerations regarding both legal and practical aspects, upwards and downwards federal government checks.
    • Local Representation: Ensuring local voices are heard. Federalist 10: James Madison.

    Explicit Powers (Canada)

    • Section 91 (Federal Powers): Trade & Commerce, Taxation, Militia, Currency, Public Debt, Postal service, Navigation, Banking, Indians and their lands, Marriage, Criminal law, Peace, Order, and Good Government (POGG).
    • Section 92 (Provincial Powers): General local matters, Direct taxation, Licenses, Property, Administration of justice, Prisons, Health, Welfare, Hospitals, Provincial control Municipal institutions, Education, and Natural resources.

    Complexities of Federalism

    • Constitutional Provisions vs. Political Practice: Canada's design to concentrate power in the federal government.
    • Constitutional Mechanisms of Federal Interference with Provincial Powers: Historical constitutional mechanisms of federal interference. Examples:
      • Section 56 disallowance (last used 1943)
      • Section 90 reservation (last used 1961)
      • Section 92 (10)(c) declaratory power (up to 1961)
    • Residual Power: Powers not specifically listed.
    • Peace, Order, and Good Government (POGG): Grants federal government flexibility. This doctrine grants the federal government wide-ranging powers.
    • National Concern Doctrine: Relevant to federal involvement with areas like carbon tax. This doctrine justifies federal intervention in areas of national concern, such as the carbon tax.
    • Bicameral Legislatures: Two houses in the legislature (checks on majority rule). Examples include Canadian Senate & US Senate.
    • Executive Federalism: Central government leveraging regional government collective power via First Ministers' Conferences.
    • Asymmetrical Federalism: Regional differences in sovereignty. [No further details are given].

    Challenges to Federalism in Canada

    • Meech Lake Accord (1987)
    • Charlottetown Accord (1992)
    • Quebec Referendum (1995)
    • Alberta Fair Deal Panel
    • Alberta Sovereignty Act

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    Description

    Explore the differences between unitary and federal government systems in this quiz. Learn about the structures, definitions, and levels of government that shape these systems. Test your knowledge on how sovereignty is distributed in various governance models.

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