Multiple Governments: Unitary vs Federal Systems

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Questions and Answers

What is the key characteristic of a unitary system of government?

  • Constitutional provisions guarantee regional autonomy.
  • A single, sovereign government controls all aspects. (correct)
  • Multiple governments coexist with equal sovereignty.
  • Sovereignty is divided among different levels of government.

In a federal system, how is sovereignty structured?

  • Sovereignty is absolute in the local government.
  • Sovereignty is shared between the central and regional governments. (correct)
  • Sovereignty is centralized in the regional governments.
  • Sovereignty exists only at the national level.

Which of the following best represents the term 'devolution' in governance?

  • The establishment of new separate states from a central government.
  • The elimination of all governmental tiers except the central government.
  • The complete transfer of sovereignty to local governments.
  • The process where power is transferred from a central government to regional governments. (correct)

What does the 'continuum of centralization' illustrate?

<p>The varying degrees of government autonomy among states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do regional governments play in a federal system?

<p>They hold sovereignty and are outlined in the constitution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of government does NOT have constituent governments?

<p>Unitary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of government maintains a central government with regard to regional autonomy?

<p>Federal system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a confederation?

<p>It is characterized by a union of sovereign states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of federalism?

<p>Centralization of governing authority. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the primary reason for implementing a federal system of government?

<p>To recognize and accommodate regional diversity within governance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of checks on government power, which entity coordinates local representation?

<p>The federal government checks provinces and factions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation P.O.G.G. stand for in the context of Canadian federalism?

<p>Peace, Order, Good Government (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following powers are not explicitly mentioned under federal powers?

<p>Property and civil rights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to James Madison in Federalist 10, what is a primary concern of factions in government?

<p>The potential for factions to infringe on the rights of others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of James Madison's Federalist 10 in relation to government responsibility?

<p>It highlights the dangers of factions and their impact on local representation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Peace, Order and Good Government' (P.O.G.G) principle imply in Canadian federalism?

<p>It justifies federal intervention in provincial matters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the nature of checks on government power in Canadian federalism?

<p>Both federal and provincial governments exert checks on each other's powers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary concern arises from the complexities of federalism as mentioned in the content?

<p>Balancing power between provinces and the federal government. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a federal system from a unitary system regarding sovereignty?

<p>Sovereignty is shared between central and regional governments in a federal system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the term 'devolution' in the context of government structure?

<p>The transferring of responsibilities or powers from a central government to regional governments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a unitary government system, how are the powers of regional governments characterized?

<p>Regional governments are created and controlled by the central government with limited authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of regional governments in a federal system according to constitutional law?

<p>They possess constitutionally enshrined powers that allow for self-governance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the concept of 'integration' occur within the continuum of centralization?

<p>When there is a shift towards greater collaboration between central and regional governments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of both unitary and federal systems concerning government structure?

<p>Both systems can contain regional or local governments within their structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the nature of sovereignty in a confederation?

<p>Sovereignty is retained by the constituent states or provinces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily illustrated by the 'continuum of centralization' in terms of governance?

<p>A spectrum showing varying degrees of central and regional government powers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant complexity associated with federalism?

<p>The potential for overlapping authorities and jurisdictional conflicts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the political conflict mentioned in the content?

<p>Opposition over governmental actions or proposals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of civil disobedience?

<p>Breaking a law while accepting punishment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is described as an extreme left wing and anti-democratic organization?

<p>Antifa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'opportunity structures' in the context of unconventional politics?

<p>The openings offered by political institutions for movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the violent strategies used by groups seeking political change?

<p>Terrorism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a form of protest?

<p>Civil lawsuits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the role of marginalized actors in protests?

<p>They seek to bring attention to significant issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do radical right wing populists present themselves according to the content?

<p>As alternatives to democratic conservatism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is associated with a form of political protest that operates beyond formal political channels?

<p>Unconventional politics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'transnational political protest' refer to?

<p>Collaborative protests across multiple countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the approach of counter-insurgency as outlined in the content?

<p>A combination of military action and addressing the political grievances of supporters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most associated with guerrilla warfare?

<p>Utilizing hit and run tactics and familiarity with local terrain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of political violence, how is 'terrorism' primarily categorized?

<p>Can include both organized group actions and individual acts without formal ties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of spontaneous political violence?

<p>It occurs without prior planning or intention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of terrorism is characterized by individuals adopting the goals of a group without formal affiliation?

<p>Lone wolf terrorism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is often faced by counter-insurgency operations?

<p>Drawing clear lines between guerrillas and civilians. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is least likely to be a goal of regime/government violence?

<p>Promoting democratic processes and reforms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark of protracted political violence?

<p>It involves extended periods of conflict and instability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of interest/advocacy groups is primarily characterized by formal organizations with established memberships and aims to advance long-term interests?

<p>Associational groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of political parties in a democratic context?

<p>Providing a channel for mass political participation and accountability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of political party is characterized by drawing support from regular dues-paying members?

<p>Mass party (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor contributing to the increased influence of interest/advocacy groups?

<p>Advancements in technology for communication and fundraising (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of political parties in government?

<p>Strictly enforcing party loyalty among members (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of interest group primarily advocates for specific interests of its members rather than for the broader community?

<p>Self-interest groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a mass political party from other types of parties?

<p>Their strong connection with grassroots movements and high membership engagement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do institutional interest groups primarily distinguish themselves?

<p>By having permanent offices and paid staff associated with the government (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines an issue-oriented advocacy group?

<p>A group that forms spontaneously in response to a specific issue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which political party system includes more than two dominant parties competing for power?

<p>Multi-party system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do interest groups differ from political parties?

<p>Interest groups focus on specific issues rather than seeking broader political power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable distinction between interest/advocacy groups and political parties?

<p>Interest groups seek to influence government policy without aiming for governance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of cadre parties?

<p>They are mainly concerned with electing party members to legislative bodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of political party is characterized by a flexible approach to principles, often borrowing proposals from others?

<p>Brokerage parties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Programmatic parties primarily focus on what aspect of their political agenda?

<p>Implementing specific policies based on ideological doctrine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do interest parties primarily seek to achieve?

<p>Directly implement specific policies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes personalistic parties?

<p>They center around a powerful leader with a weak organizational structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of brokerage parties, what is a significant strategy they employ?

<p>Seeking compromises to accommodate various interests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation often encountered by programmatic parties?

<p>Accusations of inconsistency in their platforms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of electoral-professional parties?

<p>Strict adherence to a specific ideological doctrine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a one-party dominant system in a political context?

<p>Multiple parties exist, but one party has significant control over the government. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of movement parties as described?

<p>They originate from political movements seeking fundamental social change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about multi-party systems is true?

<p>They tend to have frequent changes in government due to compromise difficulties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key feature distinguishes a two-party plus system from a standard two-party system?

<p>It involves more than two primary parties in electoral competition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the challenges of coalition governance in multi-party systems?

<p>Negotiating consensus among diverse parties can lead to frequent government changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of political party system does a single party exist legally without permission for others?

<p>One-party system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines party representation in relation to member demographics?

<p>Membership often comprises higher income individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a two-party system?

<p>The United Kingdom's Conservatives and Labour parties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of traditional authoritarianism contributes to limited political mobilization?

<p>Fear of political instability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In transformational authoritarianism, political pluralism is primarily restricted due to which factor?

<p>Ideological or religious conformity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the military in traditional authoritarian regimes?

<p>Functions as a powerful tool for intimidation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with the official ideology of transformational authoritarianism?

<p>Liberal democracy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of the economic strategy employed in traditional authoritarian states?

<p>Statism and government direction of the economy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often a major reason for authoritarian regimes to revert to civilian governance?

<p>International pressure for democratization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the characteristic of centralized economic planning in transformational authoritarianism?

<p>State control over economic production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of a totalitarian regime as described in the content?

<p>Centralized economic planning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect differentiates transformational authoritarianism from totalitarianism?

<p>Promotion of controlled political mobilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of totalitarianism, what does 'pseudo-democratic rule' imply?

<p>Forced participation in uncompetitive elections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is crucial to understanding the concept of a one-party state in totalitarian regimes?

<p>The penetration of a mass party into all societal aspects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does police control play in transformational authoritarian regimes?

<p>Instills fear and reinforces power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic most accurately describes 'cult of personality' in totalitarian systems?

<p>Strong emotional and ideological attachment to a single leader (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best captures the economic control within totalitarian regimes?

<p>Central control directs economic activity effectively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the role of foreign workers in Qaddafi's regime contrast with typical approaches in fully authoritarian systems?

<p>Engagement of foreign workers is allowed for technical expertise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of terroristic police control in totalitarian regimes?

<p>To suppress opposition and enforce conformity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does controlled communication have in a totalitarian state?

<p>Results in the domination of state-sanctioned narratives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes totalitarianism from authoritarianism?

<p>Totalitarianism aims for total control over all aspects of life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of authoritarianism is typically associated with military influence?

<p>Military authoritarianism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method describes government power maintained through dubious electoral practices?

<p>Hybrid regimes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of traditional authoritarianism?

<p>Limited political pluralism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hybrid authoritarianism typically maintain its power?

<p>Through corruption and electoral fraud (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the military in traditional authoritarian systems?

<p>They may come to power via a coup d'état. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of totalitarianism is most distinct from other forms of governance?

<p>Manipulation of social and political structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is least likely to be present in authoritarian regimes?

<p>Free and fair elections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of right-wing authoritarianism?

<p>It often supports existing social hierarchies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs under traditional authoritarian regimes regarding political opposition?

<p>Political opposition is tolerated as long as it does not challenge the government. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of using an alternative/preferential ballot system?

<p>It results in fewer wasted votes compared to traditional systems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the impact of proportional representation on political parties?

<p>It often leads to the formation of coalition governments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the single-transferable vote (STV) system determine election winners?

<p>Using a predetermined quota formula to assess seat allocation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a mixed-member proportional (MMP) system, what is the purpose of the second ballot?

<p>To ensure proportional representation for political parties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the highest average method in proportional representation systems?

<p>It uses a formula to calculate the average of votes received to allocate seats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is essential for elections to be considered democratic?

<p>Regular, reasonably frequent intervals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a mixed electoral system from purely plurality/majority or proportional systems?

<p>Combines both individual votes and party lists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In autocratic elections, what is the primary role of voters?

<p>To ratify candidates predetermined by the government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a component of universal adult suffrage?

<p>Eligibility based on residency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electoral system allows voters to rank candidates in order of preference?

<p>Alternative vote (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge faced by voters in newly established democracies?

<p>Sufficient information to make informed choices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition does NOT promote accountability in democratic elections?

<p>Elections that can be postponed as needed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electoral system is associated with receiving more votes than any other candidate in a constituency?

<p>Single-member plurality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electoral system was used in the majority run-off system?

<p>Two rounds of voting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the alternative/preferential vote system operate during elections?

<p>Voters rank their preferences and recounts occur until a majority is determined (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the majority-plurality system in elections?

<p>A plurality is sufficient to win on the second ballot if no majority is achieved in the first (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of majority electoral systems on the relationship between votes and seats?

<p>More votes may lead to fewer seats for a party (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the persistent underrepresentation of specific parties in a majority electoral system?

<p>Thinly spread vote distribution of certain parties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon does overrepresentation in election outcomes often indicate?

<p>Large shifts in seats due to minor changes in popular vote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome for the Green Party in relation to their percentage of votes and seats?

<p>Lower representation despite substantial vote share (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem might arise due to the winner-take-all feature of electoral systems?

<p>Potential marginalization of fringe parties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does a landslide victory have on political representation?

<p>It can drastically shift seats with minor changes in vote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the representation of minority parties in a majority electoral system?

<p>They receive minimal legislative attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of totalitarian regimes?

<p>A single mass party controlling all aspects of society (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the police control in authoritarian regimes?

<p>Police terrorism reinforces government power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pseudo-democratic rule' often refer to in totalitarian systems?

<p>Enforced participation in election processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best captures the role of the leader in totalitarian regimes?

<p>The leader holds absolute power and is often viewed as a cult figure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approach to economic planning in authoritarian states?

<p>Characterized by centralized control with limitations due to corruption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic strategy was commonly used by South Korea's military regime between 1961 and 1988?

<p>Promotion of specific industries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the nature of political mobilization in traditional authoritarian regimes?

<p>Limited political mobilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the military typically play in traditional authoritarian regimes?

<p>As a tool for political intimidation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of transformational authoritarian regimes?

<p>Centralized economic planning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common element of official ideologies observed in transformational authoritarian governments?

<p>Socialist or Islamist foundations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of political structure is characterized by restricted political pluralism?

<p>Transformational authoritarianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge faced by transformational authoritarian regimes in pursuing their goals?

<p>Practical limitations of revolutionary goals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a tactic used by transformational authoritarian regimes?

<p>Substantial political freedoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of authoritarianism?

<p>Unquestioned authority without fair electoral processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of traditional authoritarianism?

<p>Involvement of the military in political matters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to governments that maintain their power through electoral fraud and legal tactics?

<p>Hybrid systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes totalitarianism from other forms of government?

<p>Centralized control over almost all aspects of life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does traditional authoritarianism typically view political pluralism?

<p>Tolerated only if it does not challenge the government (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a variety of authoritarianism?

<p>Direct democratic government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the underlying ideology in traditional authoritarianism?

<p>Based on existing structures with minimal transformation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of authoritarianism is known for its religious basis?

<p>Theocratic authoritarianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT essential for democratic elections?

<p>Participation based on property ownership (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of autocratic elections?

<p>Government-selected candidates are ratified by voters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of electoral system involves the concept of 'First Past the Post'?

<p>Plurality/Majority system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a mixed electoral system?

<p>Combines elements of plurality and proportional representation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often a consequence of electoral systems that utilize majority-runoff elections?

<p>Stronger voter engagement with multiple rounds of voting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of proportional electoral systems?

<p>Seats are allocated based on the percentage of votes received (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does NOT support the legitimacy of elections?

<p>Rigorously enforced penalties for non-participation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key factor impacts voter support in elections?

<p>A wide range of issues and policies presented (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of using the alternative/preferential ballot in electoral systems?

<p>It allows for quick results without the need for runoff elections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes proportional representation systems?

<p>They generally result in coalitions and involve party lists for candidates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a list system, how are candidates elected?

<p>The top candidates on a party's prioritized list are elected according to the percentage of votes received. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Single-Transferable Vote (STV) system aim to achieve?

<p>Ballots can be transferred to subsequent choices if the initial candidate has been elected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of mixed systems in electoral representation?

<p>They combine two different forms of representation: local and proportional. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In proportional representation systems, what typically happens when a voter's first choice candidate has already secured a seat?

<p>Their vote counts towards a party's overall percentage for additional seats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a quota/largest remainder system rely on for candidates to secure seats?

<p>Achieving a predetermined quota of votes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are coalition governments typically formed in proportional representation systems?

<p>Through negotiations between multiple parties after elections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue can arise from a majority electoral system in elections with multiple candidates?

<p>More votes leading to fewer seats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the British Columbia election of 1996, which outcome was observed regarding votes and seats?

<p>Fewer votes led to increased seats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a problem with majority electoral systems?

<p>Thinly spread votes leading to underrepresentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the distribution of seats based on votes typically manifest under majority systems?

<p>Major shifts in seat distribution can occur from small changes in votes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which party in the context provided presented a contrast with representation despite vote percentages?

<p>Bloc Québécois (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of majority systems can undermine democratic legitimacy?

<p>Overrepresentation of majority parties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electoral system modification requires only a plurality to win in the second round?

<p>Majority-plurality system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electoral system allows voters to rank their preferences?

<p>Alternative/preferential vote system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which voting method is typically used in France's presidential elections?

<p>Majority run-off system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of liberalism within liberal/constitutional democracy?

<p>To ensure freedom and equal rights for individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT typically associated with liberal/constitutional democracy?

<p>Tyranny of the majority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of liberal/constitutional democracy, what does 'political participation' primarily refer to?

<p>Engagement in political activities beyond voting, such as advocacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between majority rule and individual rights in a liberal democracy?

<p>Majority rule can sometimes infringe on individual rights, leading to potential tyranny (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does 'conformism' present in a liberal democracy?

<p>It undermines the principle of individualism and freedom of thought (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle ensures that every individual's vote carries the same weight in a liberal democracy?

<p>Political Equality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical limitation has characterized the right to vote in liberal democracies?

<p>Restricted by gender and race restrictions (A), Initially limited to property-owning individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a liberal/constitutional democracy, what is a major concern related to 'tyranny of the majority'?

<p>It leads to the suppression of individual rights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the President regarding foreign policy?

<p>To appoint ambassadors and negotiate treaties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action can a Prime Minister NOT take without support?

<p>Operate without confidence from the House of Commons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition can the President's veto be overridden?

<p>By a 2/3 majority in both the House of Commons and the Senate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What institutional limit affects the President's effectiveness in governance?

<p>The necessity for cooperation between legislative and executive branches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the President's power to make appointments?

<p>All appointments require Senate approval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electoral college votes are needed for a presidential candidate to win the election?

<p>270 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which states have a unique method for distributing electoral college votes?

<p>Nebraska and Maine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of terms a president can serve in the U.S.?

<p>2 terms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body is responsible for holding a trial if a president is impeached?

<p>Senate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must happen for a Prime Minister to be removed from office?

<p>Vote of confidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In presidential elections, what is defined as 'down ballot races'?

<p>Elections for congressional seats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the electoral college's function?

<p>To elect the President based on state votes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the number of electoral college votes assigned to each state?

<p>Number of legislators from the state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a parliamentary system compared to a presidential system?

<p>The executive is part of the legislative branch. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a Prime Minister usually selected in a parliamentary system?

<p>By winning their party's leadership vote. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the separation of powers in a presidential system?

<p>Clear lines of authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately reflects the nature of power in a presidential system?

<p>Powers are commonly shared with significant checks and balances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of party nominations for the presidency, what is a significant part of the process?

<p>Undertaking a series of state-by-state nomination races. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a party forms a minority government in a parliamentary system?

<p>They need to maintain confidence to govern effectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the judiciary play in a presidential system?

<p>It functions independently with the authority to check other branches. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How frequently do presidential elections typically occur?

<p>Every four years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of populism?

<p>Focus on placing power in the hands of the people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leaders is associated with right-wing populism in the United States?

<p>Donald Trump (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which political party in Canada was formed in response to the discontent of farmers post WW1?

<p>United Farmers Association (UFA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which political ideology is positioned on the left of the populism spectrum?

<p>Socialism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tactic is commonly utilized by populist leaders to gain support?

<p>Attacking established institutions and elites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Canadian populist party is known for its opposition to Eastern banks and business interests?

<p>Social Credit Party (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do populist movements typically view globalization?

<p>As a detrimental influence on local communities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of populism?

<p>A perspective focusing on direct democracy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of populism, the term 'elites' typically refers to which of the following?

<p>Those holding power in government and society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which political movement in Canada is linked to prairie populism post-World War I?

<p>United Farmers Association (UFA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of political mechanism is commonly associated with populist movements?

<p>Referendums and citizen initiatives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the ideological spectrum associated with populism?

<p>Populism can exist along various points of the ideological spectrum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'drain the swamp' signify in the context of populism?

<p>Eliminating corrupt elites from government (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of tradable pollution quotas is aimed at encouraging companies to reduce emissions?

<p>Companies can trade emission licenses in a market. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does deep ecology primarily emphasize as a justification for reducing natural diversity?

<p>Vital needs for both human and nonhuman life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do green parties commonly face in gaining legislative representation?

<p>Single-member electoral systems that favor larger parties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant action advocated by deep ecology proponents?

<p>Protection and prioritization of nature and all life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is known for its activism against oil sands development?

<p>Greenpeace (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of conservationism within environmentalism?

<p>Managing natural resources for human benefit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following embodies the principles of deep ecology?

<p>Believing in intrinsic moral worth of all living beings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant challenge is posed by the concept of the 'Tragedy of the Commons' in environmental protection?

<p>Difficulty in voluntary protection of common resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes human welfare ecology as represented by Rachel Carson?

<p>Addresses human impacts on environmental health (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pollutant is estimated to have caused the most premature deaths according to WHO statistics?

<p>Ambient air pollution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sustainable development primarily emphasize?

<p>Meeting current needs without compromising future generations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes anthropocentric ideology from biocentric ideology?

<p>Anthropocentrism considers nature solely for human use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a significant outcome of climate change?

<p>Shrinking ice sheets and rising sea levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ecological approach is characterized by its emphasis on deep ecological principles?

<p>Ecocentrism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the IUCN Red List, what is a critical global issue related to biodiversity?

<p>High rates of species extinction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a central tenet of deep ecology?

<p>Humans are part of the natural ecosystem with moral obligations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does free market environmentalism seek to address?

<p>The costlessness and lack of ownership in pollution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these actions is commonly associated with conservationism?

<p>Promoting sustainable tourism and wildlife management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ideology underscores the belief that the environment possesses intrinsic value independent of human interests?

<p>Ecocentric (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant consequence is associated with climate change?

<p>Increased incidence of flooding and desertification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration for addressing climate change according to the discussed principles?

<p>Incorporate future generations into planning and decision-making (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant legal decision did the Supreme Court of Canada make in 1928 regarding women?

<p>Women were not recognized as legal persons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary focus of activism during the Second Wave of feminism?

<p>Reproductive rights including contraception and abortion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which milestone event in women's history occurred in 1929 in Canada?

<p>The establishment of the Persons Case. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a result of women's participation in the workforce during World War II?

<p>Women were provided with government-funded childcare. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of feminism as defined in the content?

<p>Promoting gender equality across various sectors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the activism seen in the Second Wave of feminism?

<p>Advocacy for workplace equality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group was the first woman elected to the Canadian Parliament?

<p>Agnes Macphail. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical idea underpinned First Wave feminism?

<p>Women as equal contributors to society and economy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the term 'micropolitics of gender equality' in later waves of feminism refer to?

<p>Individual and localized issues of gender equality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the Second Wave of feminism from the First Wave?

<p>A stronger emphasis on reproductive rights and workplace issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year were Chinese Canadian citizens granted the right to vote federally?

<p>1947 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is NOT traditionally categorized within feminism according to the ideological spectrum provided?

<p>Patriarchal feminism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the First Wave primarily focus on?

<p>Legal rights and suffrage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following thinkers contributed significantly to the early philosophical discourse on women's equality?

<p>Mary Wollstonecraft (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characterizes the ideological context of feminism?

<p>An exploration of social practices that marginalize women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what year were Japanese Canadian citizens granted the right to vote?

<p>1948 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best summarizes the philosophical underpinning of feminism's goal of women's emancipation?

<p>To challenge existing gender power structures for equality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best represents patriarchy as defined in the content?

<p>A societal structure favoring men in power dynamics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key attributes of ecofeminism as mentioned in the content?

<p>Explores the connection between environmental issues and women's rights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Third Wave feminism primarily differ from its predecessors?

<p>It emphasizes diversity and individualism among women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of law school graduates in Canada are female?

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women are represented in senior management positions within the private sector in Canada?

<p>25.6% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the female earned wage compared to male earnings in 2018?

<p>$0.87 for every dollar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following categories of students has the lowest representation of women in Canada?

<p>STEM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of practicing, licensed engineers in Canada are women?

<p>12% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of judges in Canada that are women?

<p>32-34% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the representation of women of color in total management positions?

<p>6.5% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the urgency of working towards gender equality?

<p>It is urgent and still relevant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector shows the least proportional representation of women among workers?

<p>STEM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate interpretation of the 43% statistic mentioned regarding women?

<p>Percentage of women in pure and applied sciences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of civic nationalism?

<p>Government structure and democratic principles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Irredentism is best described as a claim over territory based on what?

<p>Historical connections and national identity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies ethnic nationalism?

<p>Focus on language and cultural practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a manifestation of nationalism when dealing with perceived threats?

<p>Censorship of foreign media (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the concept of self-determination primarily focus on?

<p>Authority over both domestic and international affairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential outcome of ethnic nationalism?

<p>Promotion of ethnic diversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the tyranny of the majority imply in the context of nationalism?

<p>Dominance of one group over others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a protectionist measure associated with nationalism?

<p>Imposing tariffs on imported goods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of imperialism tied to nationalism?

<p>Imposition of control over foreign territories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement is characterized by the demand for a national identity and independence from imperial control after WWII?

<p>Decolonization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major world event is frequently linked to the manifestations of nationalism?

<p>World Wars I and II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the unification of Germany in 1870?

<p>Franco-Prussian War (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ideology is known for advocating freedom and individual rights while exhibiting tension with state nationalism?

<p>Liberalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nations experienced a national self-determination movement after the decline of the USSR?

<p>East Germany (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of virulent nationalism as observed in history?

<p>Association with totalitarian regimes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is mentioned as having a nationalist reaction in opposition to imperialism?

<p>Zionists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor in the emergence of smaller, more homogenous states after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire?

<p>National independence movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideology melds communism with nationalism in certain states?

<p>Totalitarianism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formal structure was established to recognize and legitimize nationalism and nation-states after WWII?

<p>The United Nations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nations are known for their independence movements following the decline of the USSR?

<p>Czechoslovakia and Hungary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideological principle is primarily opposed by nationalism and fascism?

<p>Liberal democracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is associated with a leader's strong personal influence over a totalitarian regime?

<p>Cult of personality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of a neo-fascist movement?

<p>Anti-immigrant sentiments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes the government's control over the economy in a fascist regime?

<p>Corporate state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is synonymous with the most extreme form of nationalism as described in the content?

<p>Nazism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common feature links totalitarian regimes as identified by Friedrich and Brzezinski?

<p>One-party state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nationalism, what does the phrase 'Nothing outside the state' emphasize?

<p>Collective identity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a prominent aspect of the radical right's philosophy in nationalism?

<p>White nationalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of governance is fundamentally challenged by the anti-democratic nature of nationalism?

<p>Political representation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a strategic feature used by totalitarian governments to maintain control over citizens?

<p>Secret police (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Central Government

The highest level of government in a country, responsible for national policies and matters.

Regional Government

Government specific to a region or province within a federal system.

Local Government

Government at the local level, responsible for services in cities, towns, or villages.

Unitary System

A system where one central government holds all the power and authority within a country.

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Devolution

The transfer of power from a central government to administrative divisions within a unitary system.

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Federal System

A system where power is divided between a central government and several regional governments.

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Continuum of Centralization

A spectrum ranging from highly centralized to completely decentralized systems of governance.

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Confederation

A system where regions retain significant sovereignty, with a weak central government.

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Federalism

A system with a strong central government and constituent governments with limited sovereignty.

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Complexities of Federalism

The advantages and challenges of dividing power in a federal system.

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Federalism in Canada

The division of powers between a central (federal) government and regional (provincial) governments.

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Federal Powers: s. 91

Explicitly defined powers granted to the federal government in the Canadian Constitution. These powers include trade, taxation, national defence, and criminal law.

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Provincial Powers: s. 92

Explicitly defined powers granted to the provincial governments in the Canadian Constitution. These powers include healthcare, education, and local affairs.

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Division of Powers

A key principle of federalism in Canada, where each level of government has its own sphere of authority and can act independently within their respective jurisdictions.

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Peace, Order, and Good Government (POGG)

The federal government's power to regulate matters of national importance, including trade, criminal law, and peace, order, and good government.

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Disallowance (s. 56)

A mechanism that allows the federal government to review and potentially disallow provincial legislation. This power has rarely been used in recent times.

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Reservation (s. 90)

A mechanism that allows the federal government to require a provincial law to be sent back for review before it comes into effect. This power has also been rarely used in recent times.

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Declaratory Power (s. 92(10)(c))

A mechanism where the federal government can declare a matter to be within federal jurisdiction, even if it seems provincial, under certain conditions.

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Residual Power

Powers that are not explicitly assigned to either the federal or provincial governments, and are considered to fall under federal jurisdiction.

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POGG in Action

The principle that the federal government can act to address matters of national importance, even if they are not explicitly listed as federal powers, if they fall under peace, order, and good government.

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Federalism Sovereignty

In a federal system, sovereignty is divided between the central government and constituent (regional) governments, with each having defined powers.

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Disallowance

A mechanism that allows the federal government to review and potentially disallow provincial legislation. This power is seldom used.

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Declaratory Power

A mechanism in some federal systems where the central government can declare a matter to be within federal jurisdiction, even if it seems provincial, under certain conditions.

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Political Violence

The use of physical force to achieve political aims, often involving violence or coercion.

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Regime/Government Violence

Government actions that repress dissent through force, often to maintain control and enforce order.

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Spontaneous Violence

Unplanned, spontaneous violence that may occur in response to events or circumstances. Often characterized by a lack of organization or coordination.

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Guerrilla Violence/Guerrilla Insurgency

A type of political violence using 'hit and run' tactics conducted by smaller groups with limited resources, often operating in familiar terrain with local support. Examples include the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.

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Counter-insurgency

Government strategies to counter guerrilla insurgencies by combining military action and political reforms. Aiming to control insurgents whilst addressing the grievances of their supporters. This can be challenging due to the risk of harming civilians.

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Suicide Terrorism

A form of political violence that involves self-inflicted death as a method of attack. This often combines with a motivation to send a strong message beyond the immediate target.

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Lone Wolf Terrorism

An individual who commits acts of terrorism without direct affiliation or connection with a recognized terrorist group.

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What is a protest?

Protests are expressions of dissent against political decisions or actions, often involving gatherings, marches, or demonstrations. They aim to pressure authorities for change but typically remain within the bounds of civil disobedience.

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What is civil disobedience?

Civil disobedience is a form of peaceful protest where individuals deliberately break laws they deem unjust, while accepting the consequences of their actions. This strategy aims to highlight injustices and raise awareness about social or political issues.

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What are insurgent groups?

Groups that organize to resist authority, often resorting to unconventional methods like guerrilla warfare or terrorism. These organizations aim to achieve political objectives by challenging the existing order or seeking to replace the established government.

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What is guerrilla warfare?

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare conducted by small, mobile groups often operating from concealed positions in familiar terrain. They aim to disrupt enemy operations and weaken their control, often relying on surprise attacks and ambushes.

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What is terrorism?

Terrorism involves the use of violence or the threat of violence to intimidate and coerce a government or civilian population to achieve political objectives. This method aims to create fear and instability, often targeting innocent individuals.

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What is a revolution?

A complete overthrow of the existing political system, often involving significant social upheaval, violence, and popular mobilization. Revolutions aim to replace existing institutions with a new order, often involving a shift in power dynamics and social structures.

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What is the 'alt-right' movement?

The 'alt-right' movement in the United States is categorized as a radical right-wing group that embraces violence and opposes traditional conservative ideals. Often rooted in racist or white nationalist ideologies, they seek to challenge democratic norms and promote alternative political systems.

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What is Antifa?

Antifa, short for anti-fascists, is a broadly defined umbrella term for individuals and collectives who actively oppose fascist and far-right ideologies. While not a unified organization, Antifa often engages in protests and demonstrations, sometimes involving counter-protests against extremist groups.

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What are opportunity structures in politics?

Opportunities offered by political institutions and processes that influence the success of movements. These structures can facilitate the mobilization of groups, like allowing the formation of political parties or interest groups, while also potentially limiting their influence.

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What is transnational political protest?

Transnational political protests represent a significant development in modern politics. These protests involve individuals or groups from multiple nations organizing and collaborating across borders to address shared concerns or advocate for specific issues. Examples include climate change activism or the Black Lives Matter movement, both of which are international in scope.

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What are political parties?

Political parties are groups that actively compete for power within a government. Their primary goal is to influence government policy through elections and popular support. They serve as a link between the people and the government, enabling mass participation in politics.

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What are interest groups?

Interest groups focus their efforts on influencing government policy through direct advocacy and lobbying. Instead of seeking office, they seek to affect decisions that benefit their specific interests.

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What are social movements?

Social movements are broader, loosely organized groups of individuals who aim to create change through collective action, often focused on social and political issues. They seek to influence government policy and advance societal transformation.

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What are political party systems?

A political party system describes the structure and number of political parties that operate within a country. The system significantly influences how political power is distributed and how policy is shaped.

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What are mass parties?

Mass parties are characterized by extensive membership bases and strong organizational structures outside of elected office. They rely on active participation and dues-paying members to maintain their power and influence.

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What are cadre parties?

A cadre party is a small, elite group of individuals who manage and control the party structure. They often operate with less public participation and rely on a smaller base of dedicated supporters.

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Interest/Advocacy Groups

Groups that advocate for the common interests of specific groups of people, aiming to influence public policy development and implementation, without seeking to govern.

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Self-Interest Groups

Interest groups that primarily or exclusively advance the interests of their members.

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Public Interest Groups

Interest groups that advocate for goals considered beneficial to the broader community.

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Associational Interest Groups

Formal organizations with long-term goals, established membership, paid staff, and permanent offices, representing their members' interests.

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Institutional Interest Groups

Formal organizations with established membership, paid staff, permanent offices, and close ties to government.

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Issue-Oriented/Spontaneous/Anomic Interest Groups

Groups formed in response to specific issues, often emerging spontaneously and without a formal structure.

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Movement Party

A political party that emerges from a broader social movement with the goal of achieving substantial social change, often focusing on issues like national liberation or social justice.

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One-Party System

A political system where only one political party is permitted and no others are legally allowed to exist.

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One-Party Dominant System

A political system where a single party dominates the political landscape and consistently wins elections, even if other parties exist.

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Two-Party System

A political system where two major political parties compete for power and generally win most of the elections, with other parties having less influence.

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Two-Party Plus System

Similar to a two-party system, but with more than two parties holding seats in parliament or Congress, though two parties may remain dominant.

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Multi-Party System

A political system with three or more parties competing actively for power, often leading to coalition governments where multiple parties work together.

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Political Party

A group of people who share similar political beliefs and who work together to achieve their goals through elections and other political activities.

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Cadre Parties

Parties primarily focused on electing members to legislative bodies, with minimal emphasis on building a strong, centralized organization outside of the legislature. They often rely on local notables and are concerned with practicalities rather than ideology.

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Pragmatic/Electoral-Professional Parties

Parties that prioritize winning elections above all else, relying on professional strategists and marketing techniques to appeal to voters.

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Brokerage Parties

Parties that seek to build consensus by accommodating diverse interests and appealing to a wide range of voters to secure a majority of seats.

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Programmatic/Ideological/Interest Parties

Parties that prioritize their ideological principles and program over electoral success. Their policies are grounded in their core beliefs.

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Interest Parties

Parties that emerge from interest groups, aiming to directly implement their policies rather than influencing existing parties or governments.

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Personal/Personalistic Parties

Parties that are centered around a powerful leader and their personal vision. The party organization is often weak and follows the leader's directives.

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Programmatic/Ideological & Interest Parties

Parties with a strong ideological foundation, presenting voters with a clear choice and potentially intensifying political divisions.

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Brokerage Parties (redefined)

Parties that aim to bridge ideological divides by seeking compromise and accommodating a broad range of interests.

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Traditional Authoritarianism

A system of government where power is centralized in a single authority. There's limited political participation and a focus on economic control by the state. It often involves the military in politics.

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Transformational Authoritarianism

A type of authoritarianism that aims to fundamentally transform society using a controlled ideology, often socialist or Islamist. It promotes a strong central authority and emphasizes national unity.

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Statism

Promoting certain industries or goods, controlling international trade through measures like limiting imports and controlling exchange rates, often seen in authoritarian regimes.

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Guerrilla Warfare

A type of political violence that uses 'hit-and-run' tactics by small, mobile groups, often operating from familiar terrain with local support. They aim to disrupt enemy operations and weaken their control.

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Protest

Expressions of dissent against political decisions or actions, often involving gatherings, marches, or demonstrations. The aim is to pressure authorities for change while typically remaining within the bounds of civil disobedience.

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Totalitarianism

A type of authoritarian rule that aims to reshape society based on a dominant ideology, control every aspect of life, and suppress dissent through powerful institutions and a cult of personality.

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Pseudo-democratic Rule

A political system where the dominant party controls the elections, making them appear democratic but lacking actual choice or opposition.

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Control of Communications

The oppressive control over information and communication by the government in a totalitarian regime, often through censorship and propaganda.

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Terroristic Police Control

The use of terror and violence by the state security apparatus, often with secret police, to enforce the government's will and suppress any opposition.

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Central Control and Direction of the Economy

A form of government where the central authority controls the economy and directs all economic activities, with limited private ownership and market forces.

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All-Powerful Leader

A charismatic leader, often referred to as a "Fuhrer" or "Il Duce," who embodies the state ideology and wields absolute power in a totalitarian regime.

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Autocracy

A system of government where a single person or a small group holds unlimited power, often associated with tyranny, despotism, and dictatorship. It can be highly repressive or less so, depending on the specific regime.

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Authoritarianism

A form of government characterized by strong, centralized power, with or without popular support, where elections may not be free or fair. It may involve suppressing opposition and limiting freedoms.

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Hybrid Regime

A system of government that combines elements of democracy and authoritarianism. It may hold elections, but with fraud or manipulation to maintain control. The opposition is often weakened or suppressed.

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Traditional Authoritarianism with Social Pluralism

A form of authoritarianism that allows for some social pluralism, such as business groups, labor unions, and religious organizations, as long as they do not openly oppose or challenge the government. It often relies on manipulation and suppression to maintain control.

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Traditional Authoritarianism Without Transformative Ideology

A type of authoritarianism that does not have a transformative ideology. It builds on existing foundations and does not seek to radically change society.

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Democratic Elections

Elections held in democratic systems where citizens have a genuine choice of candidates and the process is free and fair, ensuring true representation of the people's will.

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Autocratic Elections

Elections held in autocratic systems where the government controls the process, limiting choices and ensuring the outcome favors the ruling regime. Opposition is often superficial or nonexistent.

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Plurality/Majority Electoral System

Electoral systems where the candidate with the most votes in each district wins, regardless of whether they receive a majority of the votes. This can lead to a winner with only a minority of the total votes.

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Proportional Electoral Systems

Electoral systems that aim to ensure representation based on the proportion of votes each party receives. This means that a party's share of seats in the legislature roughly reflects its share of the popular vote.

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Mixed Electoral Systems

Electoral systems that combine elements of both plurality/majority and proportional systems. This aims to balance fairness in representation with local constituency representation.

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Universal Adult Suffrage

A key condition for democratic elections, ensuring that everyone has the right to vote, regardless of their social status, gender, or other factors. This empowers all citizens to participate in the electoral process.

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Political Freedom

A condition for democratic elections where citizens are free to express their opinions, join political parties or groups, and participate in political activities without fear of repression or punishment.

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Accountability in Democratic Elections

The primary purpose of democratic elections is to ensure that the government is accountable to the people. This means that the government must answer to the public and be responsive to their needs and concerns.

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Majority-Plurality System

An electoral system where the candidate with the most votes wins, even if they don't receive a majority of the votes.

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Alternative/Preferential Vote System

An electoral system where voters rank their preferences, and the candidate with the most votes wins. If no candidate receives a majority, ballots for the candidate with the fewest votes are redistributed until someone reaches a majority.

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First Past the Post (FPP)

An electoral system where the candidate with the most votes wins, even if they don't receive a majority.

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Single-Member Plurality (SMP)

A way of electing representatives where the winner is the person who gets the most votes in a single-member district.

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More Seats, Fewer Votes

A situation where a party wins more seats in an election, despite receiving fewer votes than another party.

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Electoral Distortion

A situation where voters elect representatives who do not reflect their overall preferences, especially when a party wins a significant number of seats with a small percentage of the vote.

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Majority System

An electoral system where the winning candidate needs to win more than 50% of the votes to be elected. If no candidate gets more than 50%, a second round of voting might take place.

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Winner-Take-All

A system where the winner of an election takes all the seats in a district, even if they win by a small margin. This can lead to a situation where a party wins a majority of seats with less than a majority of votes.

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Regional Concentration of Votes

An electoral system where parties with geographically concentrated support are overrepresented, while parties with widespread, but less concentrated support, are underrepresented.

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Underrepresentation of Minorities

Minority groups are often underrepresented in legislatures and governments, especially when the electoral system favors a party with a large, unified base of voters.

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Terrorism

Political violence that involves the use of violence or the threat of violence to intimidate and coerce a government or civilian population to achieve political objectives.

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Proportional Representation

An electoral system where the percentage of votes received roughly matches the percentage of seats won in the legislature, ensuring representation based on the proportion of votes for each party.

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List System

A system where voters choose a party and that party's list of candidates in order of priority determines who gets elected based on the percentage of votes the party receives. This system often requires a minimum threshold of votes for a party to win any seats.

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Single-Transferable Vote (STV)

A system where voters choose a candidate and a formula sets the quota of votes needed to win a seat. Any surplus votes for elected candidates are transferred to the voter's next choice.

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Mixed Systems

A system that combines elements of both proportionality and constituency-based representation, aiming to achieve a balance between representing the overall vote distribution and allowing voters to choose local representatives.

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Plurality/Majority System

An electoral system where the candidate with the most votes in each district wins, even if they do not receive a majority of votes. This can result in parties with fewer votes overall winning more seats.

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What is the purpose of democratic elections?

Elections are a way for people to choose their leaders and shape the government. They can be used to peacefully and fairly transfer power, ensure that leaders are responsive to the people, and provide a basis for legitimacy of the government.

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What are the essential conditions for democratic elections?

Free and fair elections involve a genuine choice of candidates, where everyone has the right to vote, and where political freedom allows for open expression and participation. This ensures that the outcome truly reflects the will of the people.

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What are autocratic elections?

Autocratic elections are a facade of democracy. While they may appear to be legitimate, they control the choices available to people and are designed to ensure that the ruling regime remains in power.

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Explain the First Past the Post (FPP) electoral system.

First Past the Post (FPP) is a system where the candidate with the most votes wins, even if they don't have a majority. This can lead to situations where a party wins most seats, even if fewer people voted for them overall.

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What is the goal of a proportional electoral system?

Proportional representation aims to ensure that the number of seats a party wins in parliament reflects their share of the vote. This means that if a party gets 20% of the votes, they'll likely get around 20% of the seats in parliament.

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What are mixed electoral systems?

Mixed electoral systems combine elements of both First Past the Post and proportional representation. This creates a system that aims to balance local representation with national representation.

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What does universal adult suffrage mean?

Universal adult suffrage is a key principle of democracy, meaning everyone over a certain age has the right to vote, regardless of their background or social status. This ensures that everyone has a voice in shaping their government.

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How is political freedom related to democratic elections?

Political freedom in democratic systems means that citizens have the right to express their views on issues, join groups, and participate in political activities without fear of reprisal. This allows for a vibrant public debate and ensures that the people can hold their government accountable.

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Alternative Vote (AV) or Preferential Ballot

A system where voters rank their preferences for candidates. If no candidate wins a majority, the least popular candidate's votes are redistributed until someone reaches a majority.

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Proportional Representation (PR)

A system where the percentage of votes received by a party is reflected in the percentage of seats they get in government.

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List System (PR)

A system where voters choose a party, and their top candidates based on the party's list are elected in proportion to the party's overall vote share.

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Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)

A system where voters cast two ballots: one for a local candidate and one for a national list, combining constituency-based representation with proportionality.

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Quota/Largest Remainder (PR)

A system where each party's share of seats reflects their share of the national vote, aiming for fair representation.

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What is Liberal/Constitutional Democracy?

A political system that merges liberalism, constitutionalism, and democracy. It safeguards individual rights and freedoms while upholding the principle of majority rule. In this system, citizens exercise self-governance within the boundaries set by a constitution.

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Equality of Political Rights

Ensures that all citizens have equal political rights, allowing them to participate in the political process. These rights include the right to vote, run for office, serve on juries, and voice their views without fear of reprisal.

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Majority Rule

The principle that decisions are made based on the will of the majority of the population. It signifies the power of the people to shape their own government and its policies.

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Political Participation

A cornerstone of democracy that encourages citizens to actively participate in the political process. This can involve voting, running for office, joining political parties, or engaging in public discourse.

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Tyranny of the Majority

A potential issue with majority rule, where the interests of the majority might suppress or disregard the rights and needs of minorities.

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Conformism

A potential flaw of liberal democracies, where people might conform to dominant opinions and beliefs instead of engaging in critical thinking and expressing independent views.

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Not Rule of the Best

The concept that liberal democracies, while emphasizing rule by the people, may not always be governed by the 'best' individuals or ideas. The focus on majority rule doesn't guarantee competency or wisdom.

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General Election for President

A system where voters cast ballots directly for a president, but the president is ultimately chosen by the Electoral College, which allocates votes based on state populations and representation in Congress.

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Impeachment

The process of removing a president from office through a formal legal procedure, involving charges brought by the House of Representatives and a trial in the Senate.

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Winner-Take-All System

A system where the winner of an election takes all the seats in a district, even if they win by a small margin.

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Parliamentary System

A system of government where the executive branch (Prime Minister and Cabinet) is chosen by and responsible to the legislative branch (Parliament). This leads to a fusion of powers, where the executive is effectively controlled by the majority party in the legislature.

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Presidential System

A system where the executive branch (President and Cabinet) is separate from the legislative branch (Congress). This leads to a separation of powers, where each branch has its own distinct powers and checks the others.

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Selection of the Prime Minister

The process of a political party selecting its leader. This leader then becomes the Prime Minister if that party wins the general election and forms a majority government.

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Selection of the President

The process of electing the President of the United States. This involves a multi-stage process, starting with primaries and caucuses in each state to select nominees, followed by a national convention to nominate the official candidate.

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Removal of the Prime Minister

The ability of the legislature to remove the Prime Minister from their office through a vote of no confidence. This occurs when the Prime Minister loses the support of a majority of the legislature, leading to a new election or the formation of a new government.

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Removal of the President

The ability of Congress to impeach and remove the President from office for certain offenses, such as treason, bribery, or high crimes and misdemeanors. This is a two-step process that requires a majority vote in the House of Representatives to impeach and a two-thirds vote in the Senate to convict.

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Powers of Government Branches

The set of powers and responsibilities that are granted to and exercised by each branch of government in a particular system. Each branch is expected to act within its assigned area, but there may be some overlap or shared powers between branches.

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Constraints on Government Powers

Limitations or constraints on the powers of government branches, which are designed to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful and to safeguard the rights of citizens. These constraints can be in the form of constitutional provisions, legal precedents, or political checks and balances.

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Presidential Veto

The power of the President to reject a bill passed by Congress, preventing it from becoming law unless overridden by a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and the Senate.

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State of the Union Address

The President's annual address to Congress, outlining the administration's priorities and agenda for the coming year.

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Presidential Pardon Power

The authority of the President to pardon individuals convicted of federal crimes, which can include granting clemency, reducing sentences, or restoring civil rights.

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Confidence of the House of Commons

The principle that the Prime Minister must maintain the support of the majority of members in the House of Commons to stay in office.

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Institutional Checks and Balances

A system of government where power is divided between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each with checks and balances to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

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Populism

A political ideology that emphasizes the common people.

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Populism's Target: Elites

Populism positions itself as a challenge to what it perceives as corrupt or out-of-touch elites, such as institutions, media, and specific groups.

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Populist Leaders & Authenticity

Populist leaders typically present themselves as representatives of the 'true' people, opposing globalization and embracing traditional values.

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Populist Methods: Direct Democracy

Populist movements often advocate for direct democratic mechanisms like referendums, citizen initiatives, and recall elections, aiming to empower the people.

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Populism in the US: Right-Wing Emphasis

Populist movements in the US often reflect a right-wing or new-right ideology, with figures like Donald Trump advocating for policies that appeal to a specific segment of the population.

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Populism in Canada: Historical Context

Populist movements in Canada have historically been linked to various parties and ideologies, often focusing on opposing powerful institutions and promoting social or economic reforms.

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Populism in Europe: Immigration & Inequality

Populist movements in Europe often emerge from concerns about immigration, economic inequality, and cultural changes, leading to the rise of parties that challenge the existing political order.

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Populism's Defining Feature: Polarization

A definingcharacteristic of populism is the perception of a clash between 'the people' and 'the elites', leading to a sense of polarization.

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Populist Leaders

Populist leaders often claim to represent the 'true' people and criticize institutions viewed as corrupt, such as government, media, and experts.

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Populism in the U.S.

The U.S. 'Populist Party' emerged in the 1890s, representing farmers who felt ignored by traditional politics. It later influenced figures like George Wallace and Donald Trump.

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Populism in Canada

Political parties in Canada, like the UFA and CCF/NDP, have often embraced populist elements, criticizing elitism and advocating for average people's needs.

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What Fuels Populism?

Populist movements often gain momentum due to economic anxieties, perceived political corruption, and social concerns like immigration or globalization.

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Populist Rhetoric

Populist leaders frequently appeal to nationalistic sentiment and simplify complex issues into clear-cut 'us vs. them' narratives.

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Populism's Potential

Populism can empower ordinary citizens and challenge political status quo, but it can be divisive and potentially lead to authoritarianism.

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Populist Movements: Genuine vs. Exploitative

Populism can be a force for change, but it's crucial to distinguish between genuine grassroots movements and those seeking to exploit public fears and anxieties.

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Tradeable Pollution Quotas/Emissions Trading (Cap & Trade)

A market-based approach to environmental protection where governments set limits on emissions (a cap) and businesses can buy and sell licenses to pollute (trade). This incentivizes reducing pollution by rewarding those who emit less.

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Deep Ecology

A philosophical approach that emphasizes the inherent value of all living organisms and ecosystems, advocating for a reduction in human impact on nature and a shift towards a biocentric worldview.

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Green Parties

Political parties explicitly focused on environmental protection and sustainable governance, often advocating for social justice and democratic values. They aim to influence policy and promote a shift towards ecological responsibility.

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Environmental Interest/Advocacy Groups

Interest groups focused on protecting the environment and advocating for conservation, biodiversity, and sustainable practices. They aim to influence policy decisions and raise awareness.

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Ecological Sabotage ('Ecotage')

A form of environmental activism that involves direct action to sabotage projects or activities deemed harmful to the environment. It's a controversial tactic, often viewed as extreme and potentially illegal.

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Environmentalism

A political and ethical movement focused on protecting and improving the quality of the natural environment. It advocates for changes in human activities and promotes forms of social, economic, and political organization that prioritize environmental sustainability.

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Anthropocentrism

A philosophical perspective that places primary importance on the well-being of humans and their interests. It often views the environment as a resource for human use and benefit.

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Biocentrism

An environmental philosophy that extends moral value beyond humans to include all living things. It emphasizes the intrinsic worth of all life, regardless of its usefulness to humans.

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Conservationism

A branch of environmentalism that focuses on the management and conservation of natural resources for the benefit of humans. It emphasizes sustainable use and responsible stewardship of the environment.

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Shallow Ecology

A focus on the negative effects that environmental degradation has on humans and their wellbeing. It stresses the importance of environmental protection for human health and prosperity.

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Environmentalism as Political Expression

A form of environmental activism that involves political action and advocacy to bring about changes in environmental policy and practices. It seeks to influence government decision-making and promote sustainable solutions through political means.

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Human Welfare Ecology

A school of thought within environmentalism that focuses on applying ecological principles to human societies. It aims to design sustainable systems that minimize environmental impact while enhancing human well-being.

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Air Pollution and Global Health

Air pollution is a significant health hazard. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2016, over 91% of the global population lived in areas where air quality guidelines were not met. This led to an estimated 4.2 million premature deaths globally, with the majority occurring in low- and middle-income countries, primarily in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific regions.

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Climate Change and its Evidence

Climate change is a major global threat, and NASA provides evidence of its effects. This includes rising global temperatures, warming oceans, rising sea levels, ocean acidification, shrinking ice sheets, declining Arctic sea ice, glacial retreat, and an increase in extreme weather events.

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Biodiversity and the IUCN Red List

Biodiversity, the variety of life on Earth, is facing threats. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species provides a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status of species worldwide, highlighting those at risk of extinction.

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Tragedy of the Commons

The Tragedy of the Commons describes the difficulty of protecting common spaces due to individual incentives. When no one owns or is responsible for a resource, it's often exploited because individuals prioritize self-interest, leading to depletion or damage.

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Sustainable Development Principles

Sustainable development aims to meet present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It emphasizes incorporating future generations into decision-making, making sacrifices for sustainability, and challenging the assumptions of continuous economic growth.

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Free Market Environmentalism

Free market environmentalism proposes addressing environmental problems by attaching costs to pollution. The idea is that pollution appears free, but by making it costly, individuals and businesses have an incentive to reduce their environmental impact.

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Incentivizing Environmental Responsibility

Solutions to environmental problems often involve addressing ownership and responsibility. By attaching costs to negative externalities like pollution, individuals and businesses are incentivized to reduce their impact, leading to a more sustainable future.

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Environmental Challenges and Solutions

Meeting the challenges of environmental degradation requires understanding how individual incentives and the use of common resources can lead to negative outcomes. Implementing solutions often involves incentivizing responsible behavior, ensuring sustainability for future generations.

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Women's Suffrage

The right to vote and participate in elections, as well as the right to run for office and serve on juries.

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Temperance Movement

A social movement advocating for the abolition of alcohol consumption.

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The Persons Case

A landmark legal case in Canada (1929) that established women's legal personhood and the right to be appointed to the Senate.

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Agnes Macphail

The first woman elected to the Canadian Parliament in 1921 and a prominent advocate for social reform.

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Second Wave Feminism

The period of feminist activism from the late 1960s to the 1980s that focused on achieving equality in various aspects of life, including the workplace, politics, and personal lives.

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Micropolitics of Gender Equality

The idea that gender equality should be addressed in all aspects of life, including personal identities and experiences.

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Intersectionality

A concept that acknowledges how various forms of oppression and discrimination, such as sexism, racism, and classism, intersect and interact, creating complex and interconnected experiences for individuals.

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Gender and Sexual Minorities (GSMs)

A term used to describe the challenges faced by individuals who identify as LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and others). It acknowledges that sexual orientation and gender identity are diverse and fluid.

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Feminism

A social movement that encourages women to work together to achieve equality and end gender discrimination.

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Gender Gap

The social and economic gap between men and women in terms of income, employment opportunities, and access to resources.

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Women in STEM

The significant underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, highlighting a persistent gender gap in these sectors.

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Time's Up

A movement that exposes and addresses sexual harassment and assault, particularly in workplace environments.

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2SLGBTQQIA

A term used to acknowledge and celebrate the distinct cultures and identities of Indigenous peoples in Canada.

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Wage Gap

The disparity in pay between men and women for doing similar work, with women often earning less than men.

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Gendered Leadership Gap

The trend of women being less likely to be promoted to senior management positions compared to men within organizations.

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Social Media Activism

The use of social media platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, to raise awareness about social and political issues, organize protests, and engage in activism.

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Feminist Ideological Spectrum

A range of feminist ideologies encompassing liberal, socialist, radical, and other perspectives. Each holds different values and goals for achieving women's emancipation.

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First Wave Feminism

Focused on gaining basic rights for women, like suffrage, property ownership, and education. This wave aimed to establish women as equal citizens in society.

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Third Wave Feminism

This wave focuses on intersectionality, addressing the experiences of women from diverse backgrounds and tackling issues within existing systems. It promotes intersectionality and critical analysis of power structures.

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Fourth Wave Feminism

This wave emphasizes technology, online activism, and global interconnectedness. It addresses issues like online harassment, cyberbullying, and digital gender equality.

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Patriarchy

A social and political system where men hold power and authority, influencing societal values and structures. This system often disadvantages women and marginalizes their perspectives.

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Feminism Beyond the Traditional Ideological Spectrum

A broad range of feminist ideologies that go beyond traditional left-right paradigms. It includes environmental, postmodern, and radical perspectives.

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What is Feminism?

It encompasses a range of ideas and movements aimed at improving women's lives and achieving gender equality. It can vary in its approach, but the core goal is to empower women and challenge sexism.

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Nationalism

A political ideology emphasizing a shared culture, history, and language, often promoting unity and independence within a nation.

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National Self-Determination

The idea that nations should have the right to govern themselves, often associated with independence movements.

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Nation-State Formation

The creation of new, independent nation-states, often following the collapse of empires or the end of colonial control.

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Communism/Socialism

A political ideology that emphasizes the struggle of the working class and aims to create a classless society, often with a focus on international solidarity.

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Imperialism

When a nation-state uses its power to dominate and exploit other nations, often through economic or military control.

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Decolonization

The process of gaining independence from colonial rule, often through political movements and struggles.

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Tension between Nationalism and Liberalism

The tensions that arise when nationalist aspirations clash with the rights and freedoms of individuals within a nation.

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Virulent Nationalism

The potential for extremist nationalism to turn into a dangerous force that suppresses opposing views and promotes violence.

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Ethnic Nationalism

A form of nationalism that focuses on common cultural, linguistic, racial or religious traits shared by members of a nation. It emphasizes shared history, values and traditions.

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Civic Nationalism

A form of nationalism that emphasizes shared political values, laws and institutions. It's about belonging to a nation based on shared ideals like freedom, democracy and rule of law.

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Protectionism

A policy aimed at protecting domestic industries and businesses from foreign competition through measures like tariffs or import quotas. It often seeks to promote national economic self-sufficiency.

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Irredentism

The belief that a nation has a rightful claim to territory that is currently part of another country, based on historical or cultural ties. It often leads to territorial disputes and conflicts.

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Minority Oppression

The suppression, assimilation, expulsion or elimination of groups that do not conform to the dominant image or values of a nation. It can involve systematic discrimination, violence and forced cultural change.

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Censorship

The suppression of dissenting voices and ideas by a government, often through censorship, propaganda and restrictions on freedom of speech. It aims to control information and maintain a particular narrative.

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Aggressive Nationalism

A type of nationalism that promotes the superiority of one nation over others, often based on racial or cultural beliefs, and can lead to aggressive expansionism.

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Fascism

A political ideology that combines extreme nationalism with authoritarianism, emphasizing a strong centralized leader, a hierarchical society, and a cult of personality.

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National Socialism

A form of government that combines elements of both fascism and socialism, typically emphasizing state control over the economy and society, and a strong leader.

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Insurgency

A type of political violence that uses terrorism, guerrilla warfare, and other tactics to achieve political goals, often challenging existing governments or authorities.

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Study Notes

Multiple Governments: Unitary and Federal Systems

  • Unitary systems have a single, sovereign government controlling all aspects of the country.
  • Federal systems divide sovereignty between central and regional (provincial/state) governments.

Definitions

  • Unitary System: A single sovereign government controls all aspects of the country; the central government is sovereign. Administrative changes involve a transfer of power from the central government.
    • Techniques include devolution (transfer of power) and statutes.
  • Federal System: Sovereignty is divided between central and state/provincial governments. It's a union of partially self-governing regions under a central government. The sovereignty of regional governments is stated in the constitution.

Levels of Government:

  • Central Government (National): The highest level of government, like the Government of Canada.
  • Regional Government (Provincial/State): Present in federal systems; example, Government of Alberta.
  • Local Government (Municipal): The lowest level, like the city of Calgary.

Continuum of Centralization

  • Separation (Decentralized): Sovereign states, no central government. Sovereignty is retained through constituent governments. (e.g., no specific examples are given)
  • Confederation: Central government, with sovereignty retained by constituent governments. (e.g., no specific examples are given)
  • Federalism: Sovereignty is shared between central and constituent governments. (e.g., no specific examples are given)
  • Devolution: Constituent governments exist, but sovereignty is monopolized by central government. (e.g., no specific examples are given)
  • Integration (Centralized): Unitary state: no constituent governments. (e.g., no specific examples are given)

Unitary vs. Federal Countries

  • A world map illustrating the distribution of Federal and Unitary states. [No additional detail currently available].

Why Federalism?

  • Geography: Geographical factors influencing decisions.
  • Sharing Government Responsibilities: Dividing responsibilities across levels of government.
  • Cultural/Linguistic/Religious Divisions: Acknowledging diverse groups.
  • Checks on Government Power: Creating checks and balances.
  • Legal and Practical: Considerations regarding both legal and practical aspects, upwards and downwards federal government checks.
  • Local Representation: Ensuring local voices are heard. Federalist 10: James Madison.

Explicit Powers (Canada)

  • Section 91 (Federal Powers): Trade & Commerce, Taxation, Militia, Currency, Public Debt, Postal service, Navigation, Banking, Indians and their lands, Marriage, Criminal law, Peace, Order, and Good Government (POGG).
  • Section 92 (Provincial Powers): General local matters, Direct taxation, Licenses, Property, Administration of justice, Prisons, Health, Welfare, Hospitals, Provincial control Municipal institutions, Education, and Natural resources.

Complexities of Federalism

  • Constitutional Provisions vs. Political Practice: Canada's design to concentrate power in the federal government.
  • Constitutional Mechanisms of Federal Interference with Provincial Powers: Historical constitutional mechanisms of federal interference. Examples:
    • Section 56 disallowance (last used 1943)
    • Section 90 reservation (last used 1961)
    • Section 92 (10)(c) declaratory power (up to 1961)
  • Residual Power: Powers not specifically listed.
  • Peace, Order, and Good Government (POGG): Grants federal government flexibility. This doctrine grants the federal government wide-ranging powers.
  • National Concern Doctrine: Relevant to federal involvement with areas like carbon tax. This doctrine justifies federal intervention in areas of national concern, such as the carbon tax.
  • Bicameral Legislatures: Two houses in the legislature (checks on majority rule). Examples include Canadian Senate & US Senate.
  • Executive Federalism: Central government leveraging regional government collective power via First Ministers' Conferences.
  • Asymmetrical Federalism: Regional differences in sovereignty. [No further details are given].

Challenges to Federalism in Canada

  • Meech Lake Accord (1987)
  • Charlottetown Accord (1992)
  • Quebec Referendum (1995)
  • Alberta Fair Deal Panel
  • Alberta Sovereignty Act

Studying That Suits You

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Related Documents

Federal and Unitary Systems PDF
Unconventional and Highly Conflictive Politics (PDF)
Political Parties & Interest Groups PDF
Autocracy PDF
Elections and Electoral Systems PDF
Liberal Democracy/Constitutional Democracy PDF
Populism PDF
Environmentalism PDF
Feminism: A Historical Overview PDF
Nationalism: Fascism & Nazism PDF
Parliamentary & Presidential Systems PDF

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