Multimedia Ethics and Philosophy
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Questions and Answers

What defines an ethical dilemma in a media context?

  • A scenario involving multiple stakeholders with conflicting interests
  • A problem where the law must be followed strictly
  • A situation where one must choose between two actions reflecting personal ethical values (correct)
  • An incident that does not involve moral considerations

Which of the following is considered a duty of a reporter towards their audience?

  • To create sensationalized news to attract viewers
  • To protect their own interests over the audience's needs
  • To deliver the truth with accuracy and objectivity (correct)
  • To prioritize the employer's satisfaction above accuracy

According to the BOKs Model of Making Ethical Decisions, what is the first step?

  • Utilizing one's conscience (correct)
  • Applying legal standards
  • Analyzing stakeholders
  • Consulting experts

What conflict of duty may journalists face when covering war zones?

<p>Duty to show society brutal realities while maintaining ethical integrity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle focuses on the character of the actor making the decision?

<p>Aristotle’s Golden Mean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary basis of morals according to the content provided?

<p>Community, religion, and culture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of too much transparency in media reporting?

<p>It may compromise the safety of individuals depicted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes utilitarianism as an ethical principle?

<p>Prioritizing the greatest good for the greatest number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common ethical dilemma in social media related to information?

<p>Invasion of privacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of ethical journalism emphasizes the need for accuracy?

<p>Truth and accuracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the difference between bonafide journalists and citizen journalists?

<p>Bonafide journalists are affiliated with institutions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should journalists address errors in their reporting?

<p>Take accountability for the errors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical dilemma involves spreading false information?

<p>Dishonesty and distortion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important aspect should citizen journalists consider when reporting?

<p>The public's right to know (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What value emphasizes the need for credibility in journalism?

<p>Objectivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle is highlighted by Aristotle for journalists?

<p>Truthfulness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate human goal according to Aristotle?

<p>Happiness through good character and virtue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Kant's Categorical Imperative emphasize in moral decision-making?

<p>The act as a universal law (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of duty in Kant's philosophy is considered a negative duty?

<p>Not to murder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key principle does Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill focus on?

<p>Consequences and happiness for the greatest number (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Pluralistic ethics proposed by Ross?

<p>Acknowledges conflicts between right and good (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which duty involves ensuring the equal distribution of happiness?

<p>Duty of Justice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Prima Facie Duties from Duty Proper in Ross's framework?

<p>Duty Proper is context-dependent and paramount in specific circumstances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant, what should moral actions be viewed as?

<p>Model behaviors for others to follow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the foundation of Communitarianism in ethical decision-making?

<p>Social responsibility and equality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which way does Aristotle's philosophy differ from that of Mill?

<p>Aristotle emphasizes character while Mill focuses on outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for ads that contain incorrect claims about a product?

<p>False advertising (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of deceptive advertising?

<p>Potential lawsuits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a consequence of using stereotypes in advertising?

<p>Perpetuation of harmful norms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines puffery in advertising?

<p>Exaggeration of product features (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can dangerous stunt ads negatively influence audiences?

<p>Through imitation of unsafe behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical challenge is posed by the Dove Campaign of 'Before and After'?

<p>Failure to use real customers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cultural dimension' refer to in advertising ethics?

<p>Norms that determine ad offensiveness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of self-perception on advertising effectiveness?

<p>It can create harsh self-assessment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical principle emphasizes treating individuals with respect rather than as means to an end?

<p>Kantian ethics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary critique of the Mr. Clean advertisement on Mother's Day?

<p>It emphasized traditional gender roles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do social groups affect the impact of advertising?

<p>They influence interpretation of appeals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from a failure to consider cultural nuances in advertising?

<p>Misinterpretation of messages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one goal of using stereotypes in advertising?

<p>To engage a specific audience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of social responsibility apply to advertising?

<p>Ads must respect community values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of circles of intimacy in the context of information sharing?

<p>They determine the level of trust and control over shared information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the journalist's right to access information available to the public?

<p>Right to know (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context is 'need to know' relevant?

<p>For public decision-making (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does secrecy in information sharing primarily involve?

<p>Intentional blocking of information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of privacy differ from secrecy?

<p>Privacy involves public accessibility of information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical approach focuses on achieving the greatest good for the majority?

<p>Utilitarianism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does reflective equilibrium play in ethical decision-making?

<p>It allows for inequalities if they benefit the majority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which advertising tactic is most likely to mislead consumers by exaggerating claims?

<p>Puffery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is John Rawls' concept of the veil of ignorance primarily concerned with?

<p>Achieving equality and fairness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of utilitarianism in journalism?

<p>The impact of a story's outcome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of news primarily deals with political or criminal reports?

<p>Hard news (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the two-step flow theory differ from the magic bullet theory?

<p>It emphasizes opinion leaders as intermediaries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stakeholders is relevant in a scenario where a journalist must decide whether to publish information about a suspect?

<p>The audience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory relates to the idea that truth is connected to authority figures?

<p>Correspondence theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In advertising, which group is considered the most vulnerable to persuasive tactics?

<p>Children who are easily persuaded (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must a journalist ensure when using sources for a story?

<p>That sources are properly identified and attributed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of interpersonal communication compared to mass media communication?

<p>It allows for direct interaction and feedback. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a piece of information is considered intrusive?

<p>Personal ethical and moral considerations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant ethical concern that could arise in journalism when dealing with stories that involve conflict?

<p>Maintaining balance between perspectives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically NOT a factor of newsworthiness?

<p>Ethical standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sources can be used by journalists to enhance a story’s depth and credibility?

<p>Material sources such as reports and records (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Herbert Gans’ values could bias a journalist's report based on personal experiences?

<p>Ethnocentrism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle emphasizes the need for factual accuracy and the removal of biases in reporting?

<p>Accuracy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'disinformation' refer to in the context of journalism?

<p>News intentionally spread to deceive the audience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the ethical news values, what does 'tenacity' refer to?

<p>Providing depth and background information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does conglomerate ownership have on media reporting?

<p>It can create censorship and bias in content (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the coherence theory apply in the digital era?

<p>It prioritizes consistency with established beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential consequence of labeling groups in media reporting?

<p>Fostering cultural beliefs and stereotypes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive dissonance refer to in the context of advertising?

<p>Discomfort arising from conflicting beliefs and actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is important in determining someone's credibility as an opinion leader?

<p>Their age and experience level. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of claims used in persuasive advertising?

<p>Visual and verbal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the TARES Test in advertising?

<p>A guideline for ensuring ethical advertising practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior characterizes 'laggards' in the diffusion of innovation?

<p>They reject innovations and adhere to traditional values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of public service advertising?

<p>To promote social good and community awareness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In advertising, what must be ensured to avoid misleading consumers?

<p>Clear and truthful claims. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does personal background influence media reactions?

<p>Different backgrounds lead to diverse interpretations of media. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cognitive balance' imply in advertising?

<p>The harmony between beliefs and actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which appeal is least likely to be used in persuasive advertising?

<p>Boredom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of advertising according to the provided content?

<p>To impact attitudes to influence actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a value included in the TARES Test?

<p>Sustainability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should advertisers avoid offensive content?

<p>In any advertising context to respect diverse audiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does interpersonal communication imply in the context of media interpretation?

<p>Personal interactions influence understanding of media. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial requirement for a journalist when sourcing information from social media?

<p>To identify themselves as a journalist. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sleeper effect theory primarily describe?

<p>Delayed impact of persuasion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which value is NOT typically expected from users of social media?

<p>Objectivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a responsibility of a citizen when consuming information on social media?

<p>To verify the accuracy of information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant ethical consideration regarding anonymous sources for journalists?

<p>Respecting the source's request for confidentiality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should journalists handle the potential risks of misleading readers?

<p>By ensuring accuracy and fact-checking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach should journalists take when using news aggregators?

<p>Verify information collected through aggregators. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of media literacy for users of social media?

<p>To discern between accurate and inaccurate information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the virtue of originality emphasize in journalism?

<p>Using firsthand interviews to obtain information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can journalists ensure they do not mislead their readers?

<p>By conducting thorough fact-checking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is direct sourcing critical for journalists?

<p>It enhances the originality and credibility of the story. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must journalists avoid when using social media for sourcing?

<p>Lying or deceiving sources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary responsibilities of users when sharing content from social media?

<p>To ensure the accuracy of the shared information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental aspect does credibility rely on in journalism?

<p>The accuracy and verification of information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do reality shows have on viewers' ethical values?

<p>They often depict violence and misinterpretation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a primary reason people use media according to the theory of uses and gratification?

<p>To escape from reality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant ethical concern associated with documentaries?

<p>They may lack objectivity and fairness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of show mixes entertainment with a critical view of social, political, or cultural issues?

<p>Political satires. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The role of a journalist as a versificator involves which of the following actions?

<p>Collecting, verifying, and providing information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social media influence users in terms of content?

<p>Content is tailored to users' interests and preferences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a negative consequence of not having direct experience with a portrayed subject in the media?

<p>Formation of stereotypes and misconceptions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical values should documentaries prioritize according to audience expectations?

<p>Diversity, truth, and accuracy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of shows are generally viewed as having blurred lines between information and entertainment?

<p>Political satires and infotainment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect describes the idea that viewing violent media can lead to actual violent behavior?

<p>Imitation or modeling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the dilemmas faced by audiences when consuming infotainment content?

<p>Determining if it's actually news or mere comedy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following shows was given as an example of reality television affecting social behavior?

<p>Keeping Up with the Kardashians. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ethical standards like truth and accuracy impact documentaries?

<p>They are necessary for audience credibility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of social media in the context of information dissemination?

<p>To serve as an information provider and collector. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key ethical consideration for journalists covering human tragedy stories?

<p>Ensuring fairness to both the audience and the subjects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would likely violate the code of ethics for journalists?

<p>Fabricating visuals to enhance a story (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of gatekeeping in media?

<p>To filter and control content for dissemination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential dilemma can arise during live news coverage?

<p>The need for immediate accuracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes the phenomenon where audiences perceive the world as more dangerous due to media portrayal?

<p>Cultivation theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for reporters to detach themselves from the stories they cover?

<p>To avoid influencing the narrative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'eyewash' in media reporting?

<p>Employing file footage or stock photos to embellish stories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which legal concept relates to the publication or disclosure of private information that harms a person's reputation?

<p>Liability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between privacy and secrecy?

<p>Privacy is about accessibility and control; secrecy involves intentional information blocking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical dilemma can arise from the use of social platforms in media?

<p>Social invasion through unauthorized press coverage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the mean world syndrome have on audience perceptions?

<p>It leads viewers to believe that the world is more dangerous than it actually is. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does transparency in journalism relate to?

<p>Clearly communicating to the audience what they need to know (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of media regulators in relation to journalists?

<p>To impose restrictions based on legal frameworks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary value emphasized in ethical journalism?

<p>Truth and accuracy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is violated if justice is not applied equally in journalism?

<p>Equity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the Potter Box ethical decision model?

<p>Define the situation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical principle should guide journalists when making decisions about capturing or publishing photos?

<p>Humanity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which value must be preserved even when other values might be violated in an ethical scenario?

<p>Truthfulness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Potter Box emphasizes the importance of understanding what about the stakeholders?

<p>Their cultural and legal contexts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by treating people as ends and not means in journalism?

<p>Respecting their dignity and humanity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does accountability in journalism require from reporters?

<p>To correct any errors courageously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of photojournalism introduces a significant ethical dilemma?

<p>The impact of the images on the audience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when applying ethical codes in photojournalism?

<p>Maintaining accuracy and fairness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a journalist do when faced with a conflict of interest?

<p>Aim for objectivity by disclosing the conflict (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle highlights the need for transparency in journalism?

<p>Accountability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consideration when deciding to capture and publish sensitive images?

<p>The potential impact on the subjects involved (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is loyalty important in journalism?

<p>It influences how news is reported and perceived (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ethical Dilemma

A situation where someone has to choose between two actions that align with their own ethical values.

Stakeholders

People directly involved in or affected by an ethical decision.

Duty to Self

The responsibility to protect oneself from harm or danger.

Duty to Audience

The responsibility to deliver truthful and accurate information to the audience.

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Duty to Profession

The responsibility to act in accordance with the principles and standards of the journalistic profession.

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Bok's Model

A model for making ethical decisions by considering your conscience, consulting experts, and analyzing the impact on stakeholders.

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Aristotle's Golden Mean

An ethical approach that emphasizes moderation and balance, avoiding extremes.

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Virtue Ethics

An ethical framework that focuses on the actor's character and virtues, aiming for a balanced, consistent, and wise approach.

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Happiness (Aristotle)

The ultimate human goal according to Aristotle, achieved through developing good character and virtue, finding balance between extremes.

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Maxim (Kant)

A principle that an individual might apply in similar situations, focused on the act itself rather than the person performing it.

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Treat People as Ends (Kant)

Treat people as ends in themselves, never as means to an end. Don't use others for personal gain or show.

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Strict Duties (Kant)

Ethical duties that are required and necessary. Examples include not harming others

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Meritorious Duties (Kant)

Ethical duties performed out of goodwill and benefit to others. Examples include helping those in need.

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Utilitarianism (Mill)

The ethical approach that focuses on the consequences of an action. The right action produces the greatest happiness for the most people.

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Principle of Utility

The core principle of Utilitarianism - actions should be judged by their potential to increase happiness for the majority.

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Pluralistic Ethics (Ross)

Philosophical approach that acknowledges multiple, potentially conflicting duties, and calls for balancing and prioritizing them in specific situations

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Prima Facie Duties (Ross)

Duties that seem right based on the nature of the act itself. Example: Keeping a promise.

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Communitarianism

Social responsibility towards a community, prioritizing the well-being of the group and promoting social justice.

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Coherence Theory

The theory that truth is determined by its consistency with a set of beliefs.

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Human Source

A source of information that is directly involved in or affected by the event being reported.

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Material Source

A non-human source of information, such as documents, reports, statistics, or records.

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Attribution

The ability to identify and attribute information to its source.

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Impact

The ability to determine why a story is relevant and important to the audience.

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Ethnocentrism

The tendency to view events from the perspective of one's own culture and values.

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Individualism

A news value that prioritizes stories about individual achievements and success stories.

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Leadership

A news value that emphasizes the importance of covering stories about leaders and government actions.

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Confirmation

The practice of verifying information from multiple sources to ensure accuracy and objectivity.

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Tenacity

The ability to provide a detailed and in-depth analysis of a story.

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Disinformation

Information that is intentionally spread to deceive or mislead the audience.

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Misinformation

Information that is inaccurate or false, whether intentionally or unintentionally.

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Objectivity

The ability to present information in a neutral and unbiased manner.

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Accuracy

The adherence to factual information and accurate reporting.

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Altruistic Democracy

A news value that emphasizes the importance of covering stories that affect the public's well-being and freedom.

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Reciprocity

Treating people as ends in themselves, not merely as means to an end. It emphasizes respecting individuals and their inherent worth.

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Equity

Ensuring fairness and justice in the allocation of resources and opportunities, regardless of individual characteristics or background.

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Community

The principle of prioritizing the well-being and interests of the community as a whole. It emphasizes collective good and social responsibility.

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Diversity

The inclusion and representation of diverse perspectives, backgrounds, and experiences in journalism. It promotes understanding and avoids biases.

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Truth and Accuracy

The core value of journalism, emphasizing truthfulness, accuracy, and reliability in reporting.

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Independence

The principle of avoiding undue influence from vested interests, ensuring the independence and objectivity of reporting.

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Fairness and Impartiality

Treating all sides of a story fairly and impartially, representing diverse viewpoints and avoiding bias.

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Humanity

Recognizing the inherent dignity and worth of every individual, especially those who are vulnerable or marginalized.

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Accountability

The responsibility of journalists to be transparent and accountable for their actions, acknowledging and correcting errors.

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Potter Box

An ethical decision-making model that helps journalists analyze and justify their choices.

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Loyalties

The various relationships and responsibilities that influence a journalist's ethical decisions.

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Duty to Minimize Harm

The responsibility to avoid harming individuals or groups through reporting, considering the potential consequences of their actions.

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Dilemma of Photojournalism

The ethical dilemma faced by photojournalists when deciding whether to capture and publish a photograph, weighing the potential impact on subjects and the public good.

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Photo Manipulation

The practice of altering a photograph's appearance using technology, like cropping, burning, dodging, or airbrushing, to manipulate its message or reality.

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Human Tragedy Stories Dilemma

A situation where a journalist must consider the ethical implications of revealing personal information or suffering, balancing the need for truth with respect for individuals.

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Journalistic Objectivity

A journalist is expected to remain impartial and objective, not letting their personal opinions or biases influence the story.

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Airing Time Dilemma

The pressure to condense a news story, including both information and visuals, into a short time slot, often leading to challenges in fairness and depth.

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Visual Fabrication

A type of fabrication where visuals are created or manipulated to appear authentic, misleading the audience about the reality of events.

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Humanity and Dignity

Understanding and respecting the emotional impact of a news story on both the audience and the individuals involved, particularly in cases of suffering.

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Should This Moment Be Publicized?

The ethical and logistical questions surrounding the publication of a moment of tragedy or suffering. Should it be revealed to the public, or kept private? What impact will it have on those involved and the audience?

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Audience Trauma

Considering the potential trauma or distress a news story might cause to the audience, particularly when dealing with sensitive topics like human tragedy. It involves understanding the audience's cultural context and level of resilience.

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Accuracy, Tenacity, Confirmation

The ethical responsibility to present accurate and truthful information, ensuring the confirmation of facts through thorough research and verification.

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Visual Selection

The process of selecting which visuals, footage, or information is included in a broadcast, shaping the audience's understanding and interpretation of the story.

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Gatekeepers

Individuals or organizations - like editors, producers, reporters, or camera operators - within a media organization who have the authority to decide what content is disseminated to the public.

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Deliberate Gatekeeping

The intentional exclusion of certain information or perspectives from a news story, potentially hiding crucial context or truth.

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Regulators

External entities, like government censors or regulators, who have legal authority to control or restrict media content, often based on laws or regulations.

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Eyewash

The practice of using archival footage or stock photos to illustrate a story, even if they don't have a direct connection to the current event, potentially misleading the audience.

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Archive Dilemma

The ethical and legal considerations surrounding the use of archival footage or old photos in a news story, considering potential issues of defamation or privacy violation.

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Cognitive Psychology

The study of how people think, interpret, and process information.

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Persuasion

The process of using communication to influence someone's attitude or behavior, often to convince them to buy a product or service.

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Cognitive Dissonance

A state of discomfort or tension experienced when someone's beliefs, attitudes, actions, or relationships are in conflict.

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Cognitive Balance

A state of harmony or balance achieved when all of someone's beliefs, attitudes, actions, and relationships are in agreement.

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TARES Test

A test used to evaluate the ethicality of persuasive messages (like advertising) by considering Truth, Authenticity, Respect, Equity, and Social Responsibility.

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Credibility

The believability or trustworthiness of a source of information, based on their expertise, experience, or reputation.

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Opinion Leader

A person who influences others' opinions or actions due to their knowledge, expertise, or respected position.

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Innovators

The initial group of people who adopt a new product or innovation.

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Early Adopters

People who adopt a new product or innovation after seeing its success with early adopters.

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Early Majority

People who adopt a new product or innovation when it becomes widely accepted and popular.

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Late Majority

People who adopt a new product or innovation when it becomes almost unavoidable to keep up with social norms.

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Laggards

People who resist adopting new products or innovations and prefer traditional ways.

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Diffusion of Innovation

The process of how an idea, product, or innovation spreads through a population.

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Public Service Advertising

Advertising that is free of charge and aims to promote social causes or the public good.

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Commercial Advertising

A persuasive message that aims to change someone's attitude or behavior towards a product or service.

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Circles of Intimacy

A concept that explains how trust and the level of intimacy impact how much control we have over information shared with others. The closer someone is to you, the more control you have over what they know.

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Discretion

The ability to judge whether revealing private information is appropriate or harmful, based on ethical considerations.

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Intuition

The intuitive ability to discern what is or what is not intrusive and injurious, based on your own ethics and morality.

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Need to Know

The right for the public to access information that helps them make informed decisions in their daily lives. This access is not limited to legal matters.

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Pluralistic Ethics

A philosophical approach that acknowledges multiple, potentially conflicting duties, and calls for balancing and prioritizing them in specific situations.

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Prima Facie Duties

Duties that seem right based on the nature of the act itself, such as telling the truth or fulfilling a promise.

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Reflective Equilibrium

A theory that suggests that inequality is justified if it benefits the majority of society.

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Veil of Ignorance

A theory that emphasizes the importance of protecting the weak and vulnerable, as well as promoting individual liberty.

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Puffery

A type of advertising that uses exaggerated claims or subjective opinions without providing factual evidence.

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Bonafide Journalists

Journalists trained and vetted by established news organizations, adhering to ethical guidelines and standards.

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Citizen Journalists

Individuals who report news independently, often leveraging social media platforms, but without the formal training or protection of traditional journalism.

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Sourcing and Identification

The ethical challenge of accurately attributing and verifying information in the context of citizen journalism and social media, where sourcing and fact-checking can be unreliable.

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Compromising Accuracy

A key concern in the digital age—the potential for journalists, citizen journalists, and users to spread false or misleading information.

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Concealment and Lack of Transparency

The ethical duty of maintaining journalistic integrity and transparency, particularly when dealing with sensitive information or sources.

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Humanity and Media

Recognizing and acknowledging the ethical implications of sharing photographs and videos on social media, particularly in terms of respecting privacy, avoiding harm, and ensuring authenticity.

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Puffery Ads

Ads that make exaggerated or unsubstantiated claims about a product, often using superlatives or hyperbole. They are legal until proven false by the consumer.

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Deceptive or Misleading Ads

These ads are considered unethical and misleading because they deceive consumers about the true nature of a product. This can include making false claims about a product's benefits or effectiveness.

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Offensive Ads

This type of advertising often uses offensive language, imagery, or stereotypes which can be considered culturally insensitive or disrespectful. It can be detrimental to certain social groups and may violate social norms.

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Ads Promoting Unhealthy Products

This type of advertising may promote unhealthy products or behaviors, such as cigarettes, alcohol, or unhealthy foods. This can have negative impacts on public health and is often subject to legal scrutiny.

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Dangerous Stunt Ads

These ads depict dangerous stunts or behaviors that could lead to injury or harm. They can be especially problematic if they are marketed towards children or adolescents.

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Stereotypical Ads

These ads often rely on stereotypes to portray certain groups of people, particularly women. They can perpetuate harmful gender roles and objectification.

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Gender Stereotype Ads

These ads include images or messages that reinforce traditional gender roles or stereotypes. Examples include promoting certain products as being more appropriate for men or women.

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Ethical Advertising

Ethical advertising considers the impact of the message on both the target audience and society as a whole. It's important to be aware of the potential consequences of your advertising and to act with responsibility and respect toward consumers.

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Dove 'Before and After' Campaign

The 'Before and After' Dove campaign sparked controversy as it falsely claimed to transform a black woman into a white woman. It perpetuated stereotypes about race, beauty standards, and lacked authenticity.

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Mr Clean Campaign

The 'Mr Clean' campaign promoted the stereotype of a man cleaning, while being promoted as a household product used by women. This reinforced the traditional gender role of women as housewives.

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Olay Definity Ad

Olay's Definity ad was deemed misleading because it made false claims about its ability to reduce wrinkles and erase dark circles. This type of advertising plays on people's insecurities and can be viewed as unethical.

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Imitation Hypothesis

This hypothesis suggests that media portrayals can influence people to imitate behaviors, particularly in children. It's important to consider the potential impact of advertising on young audiences.

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Nike 'What Will They Say About You' Campaign

The Nike ad campaign “What Will They Say About You” targets Arab women, challenging stereotypes and encouraging self-expression. It promotes female empowerment and emphasizes a diverse group of women.

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Extreme Appeals in Advertising

Sometimes, advertisers use controversial or provocative appeals to capture attention and persuade their audience. This can be effective but also risky, as it might backfire and harm the brand's image.

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Volvo Trucks Ad with Jean-Claude Van Damme

This ad featured Jean-Claude Van Damme performing a split between two moving trucks. While visually impressive, it aimed to show the stability and capability of Volvo trucks.

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Infotainment

A type of media that combines elements of entertainment and news, blurring the lines between the two.

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Uses and Gratification Theory

A theory that gives power to the audience in media consumption, highlighting their active role in choosing and interpreting content based on their own needs and motivations.

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Political Satire

A form of media that uses humor and exaggeration to criticize societal issues, individuals, or political situations.

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Documentary

A type of media that aims to present factual information and perspectives about a particular issue, often from a specific angle.

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Reality TV Shows

A type of media that presents unscripted situations, showcasing real people's lives, often emphasizing drama, conflict, or relationships.

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Stereotypes in Media

The ethical concern that arises when media representations of a specific place, person, or culture are inaccurate or biased.

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Violent Hypothesis

A theory that attempts to explain the effects of media violence on viewers, suggesting that it can lead to catharsis, stimulation, or imitation.

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Ethics in Entertainment

Refers to the blurred line between ethical values and the media's portrayal, especially in areas like violence, respect, or honesty.

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Information Provider (Social Media)

The role of social media as a platform to share and distribute information, often shaping public opinion and influencing beliefs.

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Information Verifier (Social Media)

The critical role of verifying and validating information on social media platforms to prevent misinformation and fake news.

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Social Media User: The Product

The role of social media users as consumers of content, whose preferences and engagement influence the algorithms and content they see.

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Ethics in Documentaries

The ethical dilemma of maintaining objectivity and truth while creating a compelling narrative in documentaries.

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Media Impact on Behavior

The ethical concern that arises from the potential influence of media content on viewers' perceptions and actions.

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New Media: Ethical Questions

The role of social media in transitioning from traditional media to new forms of content delivery, raising new ethical challenges.

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Social Media Dilemma

The ethical conflict arising from the need for truth, objectivity, and fairness in reporting while facing the inherent biases and misinformation prevalent on social media.

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Social Media Verification

The act of verifying information gathered from social media to ensure accuracy and credibility before reporting it.

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Direct Sourcing

The principle of seeking information directly from individuals involved in an event, including those affected, to obtain firsthand perspectives and accounts.

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Source Identification

The practice of identifying and disclosing the source of information to maintain transparency and accountability in reporting.

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Sleeper Effect

The delayed impact of a message, particularly through social media, where the initial credibility may be questioned but later accepted due to repetition or perceived consensus.

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Media Consumption

The ability of a user to critically evaluate and discern the accuracy and reliability of information consumed from social media, utilizing media literacy skills.

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News Aggregation

The practice of reporting news by aggregating information from multiple sources, often from social media, to provide a comprehensive overview of events.

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Ethical Implications of News Aggregation

The potential ethical risks of news aggregation, which include spreading misinformation, lacking in-depth analysis, and compromising journalistic integrity.

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Kant's Categorical Imperative

The ethical framework that emphasizes the importance of acting in accordance with moral duties and universal principles, regardless of consequences, applicable in evaluating news aggregation.

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Verification and Fact-Checking

The responsibility to ensure the accuracy and reliability of information, particularly when relying on social media, as both journalists and users have a role in maintaining truthful information.

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Anonymous Sourcing Online

The ethical dilemma of handling anonymous sources, particularly in online settings, where privacy, confidentiality, and journalistic accountability must be carefully considered.

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Transparency

The principle of transparency and openness in communication, especially in journalism, where disclosing information and sources builds trust with the audience.

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Confidentiality

The commitment to protecting the privacy of individuals and respecting their wishes regarding the disclosure of personal information, particularly in online contexts.

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Study Notes

Multimedia Ethics and Response

  • Ethical decision-making is impacted by laws and situational subjectivity.
  • Key duties include those to oneself, the audience, employer, profession, and society.
  • Ethical dilemmas arise when choices must be made between conflicting values.
  • Stakeholders are all affected parties in an ethical dilemma. Conflict of duties (e.g., self-protection) are common considerations.
  • BOK's Model for Ethical Decision-Making (conscience, experts, affected) guides ethical considerations.

Five Schools of Philosophy

  • Aristotle's Golden Mean: Focuses on the actor's character, seeking balance between extremes. A virtuous character leads to virtuous decisions.
  • Kant's Categorical Imperative: Focuses on the act itself, which should be a moral universal law. Treat people as ends, not means. Strict (negative) and meritorious (positive) duties are defined.
  • Mill's Utilitarianism: Focuses on consequences, aiming for the greatest happiness for the greatest number of stakeholders.
  • Ross' Pluralistic Ethics: Recognizes conflicting duties. Prima facie duties (seemingly right) are considered against a backdrop of conflicting duties.
  • Communitarianism: Emphasizes social responsibility and achieving social justice.

Information Ethics: A Profession Seeks Truth

  • Truth is multifaceted and tied to authority, freedom of expression, and theoretical frameworks (correspondence, coherence).
  • Fact-based reporting, sourced information, and balance between conflicting perspectives are crucial.
  • Newsworthiness criteria consider timeliness, proximity, human interest, significance, conflict, and impact.

Ethics of Photo and Video Journalism

  • Photojournalism involves significant ethical considerations.
  • Ethical codes include truthfulness, fairness, respect, and dignity.
  • Decisions should consider the value of not injuring others and consider audience vulnerability.

Privacy in Multimedia

  • Privacy is a fundamental human right.
  • Legal and ethical aspects of privacy involve balancing the right to know with the protection of private information.
  • Hodges' circles of intimacy represent different levels of trust and control over information.

Advertising Ethics

  • Advertising relies on persuasion.
  • Understanding the psychological impact of advertising on the consumer is important.
  • TARES Test criteria (truthfulness, authenticity, respect, equity, social responsibility) can guide ethical advertising.
  • Different dilemmas include deceptive advertising, unhealthy product promotion, offensive content, stereotypes, and dangerous stunts.

Art and Entertainment Ethics

  • Documentaries and reality programs can evoke ethical dilemmas regarding their message and impact.
  • Ethical considerations for reality tv include potentially negative social behaviors and their influence on viewers.
  • Satires may involve ethical dilemmas depending on their tone and content

New Media

  • Social media combines journalists, citizen journalists, and users.
  • Ethical dilemmas related to sourcing, verifying information, and protecting user and source privacy need careful consideration.
  • Understanding the role of persuasion and audience consumption is critical for ethical social media practices.
  • News aggregators present ethical concerns surrounding speed and accuracy.
  • The sleeper effect theory highlights the delayed impact of persuasive messages on audiences.

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Description

Explore the ethical decision-making processes in multimedia through various philosophical schools of thought. This quiz covers key ethical considerations, duties to stakeholders, and major philosophies like Aristotle's, Kant's, and Mill's theories. Test your knowledge on how these frameworks apply to real-world dilemmas.

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