Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)
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Why might research into the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory, which utilizes artificial tasks, be criticized?

  • Because the results may lack ecological validity due to the artificial nature of the tasks. (correct)
  • Because the encoding methods used are too complex to generalize.
  • Because participants find the tasks too easy, leading to inaccurate results.
  • Because the study lacks inter-rater reliability.

Which of the following criticisms accurately reflects a limitation of the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory?

  • It fails to explain how individuals can remember information without rehearsal or why rehearsed information is sometimes forgotten. (correct)
  • It overemphasizes the role of sensory memory in filtering information.
  • It suggests that short-term memory has a larger capacity than sensory memory.
  • It inaccurately describes the capacity of long-term memory as limited.

According to the content, what does the working memory model suggest about Short-Term Memory (STM)?

  • STM consists of five components. (correct)
  • STM primarily relies on acoustic encoding.
  • STM is unlimited in capacity.
  • STM is a single, undifferentiated storage system.

Which of the following best describes an episodic memory?

<p>Recall of personal events and experiences that are often time-stamped and linked to specific locations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes episodic memory from other types of long-term memory?

<p>Episodic memories are time-stamped and often associated with specific locations and emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone recalls how to play a musical instrument, which type of long-term memory are they primarily using?

<p>Procedural memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies the use of episodic memory?

<p>Recalling the specific details of your graduation day, including the location, time, and emotions felt. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person has difficulty recalling the specific details of a car accident they witnessed last year, but they can still describe generic information such as what cars are and how accidents generally occur. What does this suggest about their memory?

<p>Their episodic memory is impaired, but their semantic memory is still functional. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the duration of sensory information held in the sensory register (SR) only milliseconds?

<p>The brain receives vast amounts of sensory input and cannot attend to it all. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does attention play in the flow of information between memory stores?

<p>Paying attention allows information to be transferred from the sensory register to the short-term memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of coding is typically used when information enters the short-term memory (STM)?

<p>Acoustic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Miller's research, what is the approximate capacity of short-term memory?

<p>5 to 9 items. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated duration of short-term memory (STM) if the information is not rehearsed?

<p>Approximately 18 seconds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is rehearsal necessary for information to transfer from STM to LTM?

<p>Rehearsal helps to consolidate and encode the information more deeply for LTM storage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the multi-store model of memory, what is the correct sequence of memory stores through which information flows?

<p>Sensory register → Short-term memory → Long-term memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?

<p>Maintenance rehearsal is surface-level repetition, while elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes the coding process in the sensory register?

<p>Coding is modality-specific, with different registers for each sense. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the capacity and duration of long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Unlimited capacity and permanent duration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between iconic and echoic memory within the sensory register?

<p>Iconic memory codes visual information, while echoic memory codes acoustic information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is necessary to access information stored in long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Retrieval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone briefly sees a picture and then tries to recall it, which memory store is initially involved in holding this visual information?

<p>Iconic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person is exposed to a multitude of sensory stimuli at a party. According to the MSM, which component of memory is primarily responsible for initially processing this large volume of sensory information?

<p>Sensory register (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is information primarily coded in long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Semantically (based on meaning) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the capacity of long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Potentially unlimited (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity of the sensory register according to the multi-store model of memory?

<p>Very high capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the function of the echoic memory store?

<p>Briefly remembering what someone said, even if you weren't paying full attention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the duration of long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Potentially a lifetime (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be an everyday example of iconic memory in action?

<p>Briefly seeing a flash of lightning and retaining a fleeting afterimage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might some information appear to be 'forgotten' from long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Baddeley's (1966) study on word recall suggest about the differences between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>STM relies on acoustic coding, while LTM relies on semantic coding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the case study of HM, who had his hippocampus removed, contribute to the understanding of memory?

<p>It provided evidence that STM could not be transferred to LTM without the hippocampus, suggesting separate brain regions are used. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of the multi-store model (MSM) of memory?

<p>It may be an oversimplified representation of memory, as research suggests that STM and LTM are made up of more than one store. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient demonstrates the ability to recall factual information but cannot remember personal life events. Which area of the brain is MOST likely to be affected, based on the information about long-term memory (LTM) storage?

<p>Hippocampus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person can tie their shoelaces without consciously remembering the steps involved, but struggles to recall specific details about when and where they first learned. This scenario illustrates a difference between which two types of long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Episodic and Procedural memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While brain scans offer objective evidence for distinct long-term memory (LTM) stores, what is a significant limitation of using case studies to support this theory?

<p>Case studies often involve a single participant, limiting generalizability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Learning a new language involves grasping vocabulary and grammar rules and recalling specific classroom experiences. This overlap primarily challenges which aspect of the traditional long-term memory (LTM) model?

<p>The clear distinction between episodic and semantic memory stores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If damage to the temporal lobe impairs semantic memory, what specific deficit would MOST likely be observed in a patient?

<p>Impaired ability to remember factual information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies episodic memory?

<p>Remembering the specific details of your high school graduation ceremony. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes semantic memory from episodic memory?

<p>Semantic memory is not time-stamped, while episodic memory is. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity relies most heavily on procedural memory?

<p>Automatically typing on a keyboard without looking at your fingers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the nature of procedural memories?

<p>They are formed through repeated practice and become automatic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone can remember how to play a musical instrument but struggles to recall what they ate for dinner last night, which type of long-term memory is likely intact?

<p>Procedural memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with damage to their hippocampus can still recall general facts but cannot form new memories of daily events. This suggests impairment to which type of memory?

<p>Episodic memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person who knows that 'water boils at 100 degrees Celsius' is demonstrating:

<p>Semantic memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios primarily involves recalling an episodic memory?

<p>Recalling the moment you received an award. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Multi-store Model of Memory (MSM)

A framework proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin explaining how memories are created and stored in three stores.

Sensory Register

The initial stage in memory where sensory information is briefly held before processing.

Short-term Memory

The second store in MSM, where information is temporarily held for a short duration.

Long-term Memory

The final stage in MSM where information is stored for extended periods, potentially indefinitely.

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Coding

The method of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

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Modality-specific Coding

The principle that coding in memory is based on the sense involved, such as visual or acoustic.

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Iconic Memory

The sensory register for visual information, part of the sensory register.

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Echoic Memory

The sensory register for auditory information that retains sound for a brief period.

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Sensory Registration

The initial stage where sensory information is briefly held.

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Attention

A process that connects sensory registration to short-term memory.

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Short-term Memory (STM)

A temporary store for information used in immediate tasks.

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Capacity of STM

The number of items STM can hold, usually between 5-9 items.

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Duration of STM

The time information stays in STM, approximately 18 seconds.

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Rehearsal

The process needed to transfer information from STM to long-term memory.

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Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating information to keep it in STM for a longer time.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

Involves deeper processing of information for better retention.

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Episodic Memory

Type of long-term memory that recalls personal experiences or events.

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Semantic Memory

Type of long-term memory recalling facts and meanings, not tied to personal experience.

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Procedural Memory

Type of long-term memory related to skills and tasks learned through practice.

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Hippocampus

Brain area crucial for forming new episodic memories.

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Clive Wearing Case Study

Shows distinction between memory types; retained procedural memory despite brain damage.

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HM Case Study

Demonstrated that episodic memory is affected by hippocampus removal, while others remain intact.

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Examples of Semantic Memory

Includes knowledge like facts, such as 'Paris is the capital of France'.

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Examples of Procedural Memory

Involves memory for actions like driving or tying shoelaces, requiring little thought.

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Working Memory Model

A model that includes five components of short-term memory.

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Ecological Validity

The extent to which research findings can be generalized to real-life settings.

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Types of Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is divided into episodic, semantic, and procedural memories.

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Limitations of MSM

The MSM does not explain un-rehearsed memory or forgetting of rehearsed information.

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Retrieval

The process of accessing and transferring information from LTM to STM.

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Coding in LTM

Information in long-term memory (LTM) is coded semantically, based on meaning.

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Displacement in STM

Some LTM might not be stored due to displacement from short-term memory (STM).

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Distinct storage for STM and LTM

Research indicates that STM and LTM are stored in different brain regions due to differing durations.

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Baddeley's study

Baddeley (1966) found similarities in sound cause confusion in STM, while similarity in meaning causes confusion in LTM.

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Case study of HM

HM had his hippocampus removed; could recall old LTM but not form new STM memories post-surgery.

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Brain Area Associations

Different types of long-term memory correspond with specific brain regions: episodic (hippocampus), semantic (temporal lobe), procedural (cerebellum).

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Study Notes

Multi-store Model of Memory (MSM)

  • MSM proposes a system for how memories are created and stored.
  • Three memory stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
  • Information flows between these stores.

Sensory Register

  • Sensory register (SR) is the entry point for all sensory information.
  • Five senses: sight, sound, smell, touch, taste.
  • Coding is modality-specific (e.g., iconic memory for visual information, echoic memory for auditory information).
  • High capacity.
  • Very short duration (milliseconds).
  • Attention is required for information to move to STM.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

  • Coding is mainly acoustic (sounds).
  • Limited capacity (approximately 7 +/- 2 items).
  • Limited duration (approximately 18 seconds).
  • Rehearsal is needed to maintain information in STM and transfer it to LTM.
    • Maintenance rehearsal: simple repetition.
    • Elaborative rehearsal: deeper processing and linking information.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

  • Coding is mainly semantic (meaning-based).
  • Potentially unlimited capacity.
  • Potentially unlimited duration.
  • Information is retrieved from LTM by accessing and transferring it to STM.

Evaluation of MSM

  • Strengths:
    • Supported by controlled laboratory studies (coding, capacity, duration).
    • Supported by case studies of brain-damaged patients (e.g., HM).
    • Suggests separate memory stores.
  • Limitations:
    • Too simple – STM and LTM are more complex than the MSM suggests, with multiple components in each.
    • Limited application – uses artificial tasks, not real-world tasks.
    • Lacks ecological validity.
    • Oversimplification – does not account for the nature of each memory type.

Types of Long-Term Memory

  • Three types of LTM: episodic, semantic, and procedural.

Episodic Memory

  • Memories of personal events and experiences.
  • Time-stamped and linked to a specific location and context.
  • Includes emotions, sensations, and associated details from that specific event.

Semantic Memory

  • General knowledge about the world.
  • Not time-stamped or linked to personal experience.
  • Often factual and not personal.

Procedural Memory

  • Memories of skills and actions.
  • Usually automatic and unconscious.
  • Acquired through practice and repetition.

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AQA A Level Psychology - Multi-store Model of Memory PDF

Description

Explore the Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM), detailing the sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Learn about coding, capacity, duration, and the role of attention and rehearsal in memory transfer within the MSM framework.

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