Multi-Store Model of Memory
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According to the multi-store model of memory, what primarily dictates the coding method used in the sensory register?

  • The specific sensory modality involved (e.g., visual, auditory). (correct)
  • The individual's prior experiences and knowledge.
  • Whether the information is consciously attended to or not.
  • Semantic relevance of the information.

Which of the following most accurately describes the capacity of the sensory register according to the multi-store model of memory?

  • Limited to approximately 7 +/- 2 chunks of information.
  • Dependent on the individual's attention span.
  • Limited to the amount of information that can be actively rehearsed.
  • Unlimited, capable of holding vast amounts of sensory input. (correct)

In the context of the multi-store model of memory, what is the primary function of the sensory register?

  • To associate new information with existing knowledge.
  • To temporarily hold sensory information and filter what is important for further processing. (correct)
  • To permanently store information for later retrieval.
  • To actively manipulate and rehearse information.

According to the multi-store model, what process is essential for transferring information from the sensory register to short-term memory?

<p>Attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone briefly sees a picture and then it disappears, the visual information is initially stored in which part of the sensory register?

<p>Iconic memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model of memory?

<p>Information flows between the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory through specific processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person struggles to remember a phone number someone just said aloud, which component of the multi-store model is most likely involved?

<p>Echoic memory within the sensory register (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe how memory is stored, encompassing the different forms such as acoustic, visual, and semantic?

<p>Coding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the duration of information held in the Sensory Register (SR) typically limited to milliseconds?

<p>The brain is unable to process and retain the massive amount of sensory input received every second. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of 'attention' in the context of memory processing?

<p>To transfer information from the sensory register (SR) into the short-term memory store (STM). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of coding is predominantly used when information enters the short-term memory (STM)?

<p>Acoustic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Miller's research, what is the approximate capacity of short-term memory (STM)?

<p>Five to nine items (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated duration of short-term memory (STM) if the information is not rehearsed?

<p>Approximately 18 seconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?

<p>Maintenance rehearsal involves shallow repetition, while elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For information to transfer from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM), which process is essential?

<p>Rehearsal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Permanent memory store. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is required to access information stored in long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Retrieval of information from LTM to STM. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the multi-store model, how is information primarily coded in long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Semantically, based on meaning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generally considered to be the capacity of long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Potentially unlimited. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the generally accepted duration of information stored in long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Potentially a lifetime. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the multi-store model, what is one reason why information might be forgotten from LTM?

<p>The information was never properly encoded in STM in the first place. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'unavailable' refer to regarding LTM?

<p>The memory exists but cannot be accessed or retrieved. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings from Baddeley's (1966) research provides support for the multi-store model's distinction between STM and LTM?

<p>Acoustically similar words were more difficult to recall in STM, while semantically similar words were more difficult to recall in LTM. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the case study of HM, who had his hippocampus removed, contribute to the understanding of STM and LTM?

<p>It provided evidence that STM and LTM are separate memory stores, as HM could remember old memories but not form new ones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of using artificial tasks, such as recalling strings of digits, in memory research?

<p>They may lack ecological validity, limiting the application to real-world memory use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of episodic memory?

<p>It primarily stores factual knowledge about the world. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person recalling how to ride a bicycle is an example of what type of long-term memory?

<p>Procedural memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central claim of the multi-store model of memory regarding short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>STM and LTM are separate storage facilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the function of episodic memory?

<p>Describing your first day of school. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is one reason the multi-store model of memory is considered oversimplified?

<p>It does not provide details as to the nature of each memory type. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of research supporting the multi-store model of memory?

<p>Lab experiments that show separate storage facilities for STM and LTM. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The working memory model includes five components of STM. How does this fact relate to the multi-store model (MSM) of memory?

<p>It offers a more detailed explanation of STM, a component of the MSM. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is primarily associated with the formation and retrieval of episodic memories?

<p>Hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient can recall facts and general knowledge but cannot remember personal experiences. Which type of long-term memory is most likely impaired?

<p>Episodic memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are case studies limited in their ability to provide comprehensive evidence for distinct long-term memory stores?

<p>They cannot be generalized to the wider population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Learning a new language involves both understanding the language and recalling the learning experience. This overlaps which two types of long-term memory?

<p>Semantic and Episodic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to the cerebellum is most likely to affect which type of memory?

<p>Procedural memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies episodic memory?

<p>Remembering the specific details of your graduation ceremony, including the emotions you felt. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes semantic memory from episodic memory?

<p>Semantic memory is not time-stamped and involves facts, while episodic memory is time-stamped and involves personal experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is predominantly involved when recalling how to play a musical instrument?

<p>Procedural memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to the hippocampus, as seen in the case study of HM, primarily affects which type of long-term memory?

<p>Episodic memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clive Wearing, who suffered brain damage from a virus, retained the ability to play the piano. What type of memory did he primarily rely on?

<p>Procedural memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does procedural memory often require little conscious thought?

<p>Procedural memories are formed through extensive practice and rehearsal, making them automatic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST likely example of semantic memory?

<p>Knowing that Canberra is the capital of Australia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person can describe the rules of cricket but cannot demonstrate how to swing a bat properly. What does this suggest about their memory?

<p>Their semantic memory related to cricket is intact, but their procedural memory is lacking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Multi-store Model of Memory (MSM)

A framework proposing three memory stores: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Sensory Register

The initial stage where sensory information is held before further processing.

Short-term Memory (STM)

A temporary storage system for information, lasting about 20-30 seconds.

Long-term Memory (LTM)

The store for retaining information over extended periods, possibly a lifetime.

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Coding in Memory

Refers to how information is stored in memory, can be visual, acoustic, or semantic.

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Iconic Memory

A type of sensory register that holds visual information.

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Echoic Memory

A type of sensory register that holds auditory information.

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Capacity of Sensory Register

The sensory register has a very high capacity for holding sensory information.

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Sensory Memory (SR)

The initial stage of memory, holding sensory information briefly (milliseconds).

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Attention

A cognitive process that allows selected sensory information to enter short-term memory.

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Coding in STM

Information in short-term memory is typically stored acoustically (by sound).

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Capacity of STM

The limit of information that STM can hold, typically between 5 to 9 items (Miller's 'magic number 7').

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Duration of STM

Short-term memory lasts approximately 18 seconds unless rehearsed.

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Rehearsal

The process of practicing information to retain it in long-term memory.

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Episodic Memory

A type of long-term memory for specific personal events and experiences.

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Semantic Memory

A type of long-term memory involving general knowledge and facts about the world.

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Procedural Memory

A type of long-term memory for skills and actions learned over time.

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Hippocampus

Brain region associated with episodic memory storage.

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Cross-over in Memory Types

Overlap between episodic and semantic memories, such as learning a language.

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Retrieval

Accessing and transferring information from long-term memory to short-term memory.

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Semantic Coding

Information in long-term memory is coded based on its meaning.

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Multi-Store Model

A theoretical model that separates short-term and long-term memory.

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Baddeley's Research

Study indicating that similar-sounding words confuse short-term memory, while similar-meaning words confuse long-term memory.

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Case Study of HM

A patient who could recall past memories but couldn't form new ones, supporting the separate memory systems theory.

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Limitations of MSM

The multi-store model may oversimplify memory, as STM and LTM consist of multiple stores.

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Case Study of Clive Wearing

A case showing preservation of procedural memory despite severe impairment in episodic and semantic memory.

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Importance of Practice in Memory

Repetition and rehearsal are critical for forming strong procedural memories.

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Time-stamped Memories

Memories that are linked to specific times and places, characteristic of episodic memory.

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Non-Personal Semantic Facts

Information in semantic memory that is universally accepted and not based on personal experience, like facts.

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Working Memory Model

A model of short-term memory that includes five components.

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Ecological Validity

The extent to which research findings can be generalized to real-life settings.

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Baddeley's 1966 Study

Research that used artificial stimuli to test memory capacity.

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Three Types of Long-term Memory

Includes episodic, semantic, and procedural memory.

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Study Notes

Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)

  • The MSM, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968-1971), describes a system for how memories are formed and stored.
  • It features three stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
  • These memory stores are linked by processes to allow information to move from one store to the next.

Sensory Register

  • The sensory register (SR) is where incoming sensory information is initially held.
  • Different sensory information is processed through different sensory registers (e.g., iconic for visual, echoic for auditory).
  • The capacity of the SR is very high.
  • The duration is very short, lasting only a few milliseconds unless the information is attended to.
  • Coding in the sensory register is modality specific, meaning different senses have distinct codes.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

  • STM holds information that is currently being used or processed.
  • Coding in STM is primarily acoustic (sound-based).
  • Capacity is limited to around 7 +/- 2 items.
  • Duration is around 18 seconds unless the information is rehearsed.
  • Maintenance rehearsal keeps information in STM; elaborative rehearsal leads to LTM transfer.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

  • LTM stores information for a long duration.
  • Coding in LTM is primarily semantic (meaning-based).
  • Capacity of LTM is potentially unlimited.
  • Duration is potentially a lifetime.

Types of Long-Term Memory

  • Episodic memory: stores personal events and experiences with time and contextual details.
  • Semantic memory: stores general factual knowledge, concepts and meanings, not time-stamped.
  • Procedural memory: stores skills and knowledge on how to do things.

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AQA A Level Psychology - Multi-store Model of Memory PDF

Description

Explore the multi-store model of memory (MSM), proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin. This model explains how memories are formed through the sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Learn about the capacity, duration, and coding of each memory store.

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