MT-PP20 Physiology 2 Lecture 1 & 2: The Skeletal System Introduction

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of bone marrow in the skeletal system?

Produce platelets only

Produce white blood cells only

Produce red blood cells only

Produce a variety of blood cells (correct)

Which component of bone provides it with great tensile strength?

Blood stem cells

Collagen fibers (correct)

Platelets

Inorganic salts

Why is the skeletal system essential for mineral homeostasis?

To produce more red blood cells

To store and release minerals like calcium and phosphorus (correct)

To store excess water in the body

To regulate blood sugar levels

How is yellow bone marrow different from red bone marrow in terms of composition?

Contains mostly fat Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is needed for the synthesis of collagen, the main bone protein?

Vitamin C Signup and view all the answers

What is the major reservoir for calcium ions in the body?

Bones Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone contributes to bone growth during childhood?

Human growth hormone (hGH) Signup and view all the answers

What can result from too little parathyroid hormone (PTH) being released?

Low amounts of calcium in blood Signup and view all the answers

What happens to bone tissue without mechanical stress?

More rapid bone resorption than formation Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is necessary for protein synthesis related to bone health?

Vitamin B12 Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates osteoblast activity?

Vitamin A Signup and view all the answers

What are the major minerals needed for bone growth and remodelling?

Calcium, phosphorus Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones stimulate sudden growth and modifications of the skeleton at puberty?

Estrogen, testosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bones in calcium homeostasis?

Buffering blood calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

What can result from too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) being released?

Kidney stones Signup and view all the answers

How does bone tissue become stronger in response to mechanical stress?

Increased mineral salt deposition Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone cells break down bone tissue?

Osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

Build bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

In which type of bone are spaces between the trabeculae filled with red bone marrow?

Spongy bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the periosteum?

Sense damage and transmit pain messages Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of bone formation called?

Ossification Signup and view all the answers

Which bone structure is responsible for growth in length?

Epiphyseal plate Signup and view all the answers

What triggers bone remodelling according to the text?

Sedentary lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue forms most of the wall of the heart?

Cardiac muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue can be consciously controlled by the somatic division of the nervous system?

Skeletal muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

In which type of muscle tissue are spaces between the trabeculae filled with red bone marrow?

Skeletal muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

Why can smooth muscle stretch to a greater extent than other muscle types?

It can respond to stretching, hormones, or local factors Signup and view all the answers

How does the sliding filament mechanism contribute to smooth muscle contraction?

By pulling on dense bodies attached to thin filaments Signup and view all the answers

What is the stress-relaxation response in smooth muscle?

A decrease in contractile ability over time when fibres stretch Signup and view all the answers

Why is the ability of smooth muscle fibres to respond to various factors important?

To provide flexibility in contraction and relaxation Signup and view all the answers

In what way does smooth muscle differ from skeletal and cardiac muscle?

Can contract/relax in response to various factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for smooth muscle having greater powers of regeneration compared to skeletal muscle?

Ability of smooth muscle fibres to undergo cell division Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skeletal muscle fibres is adapted for intense anaerobic movements of short duration such as weight lifting or throwing a ball?

Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibres Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor contributing to individual differences in physical performance according to the text?

Genetically determined ratio of muscle fibre types Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exercise causes a gradual transformation of some Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibres into Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) fibres?

Endurance-type exercises Signup and view all the answers

Why do Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibres fatigue quickly?

Low myoglobin content Signup and view all the answers

Which skeletal muscle type contributes to activities such as walking and sprinting?

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) Fibres Signup and view all the answers

Why do Slow Oxidative (SO) fibres contract briefer than Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) fibres?

Generate ATP mainly by glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of the proportions of muscle fibre types in skeletal muscles?

Genetics and training regimen Signup and view all the answers

Why do Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibres generate the most powerful contractions?

Generate ATP mainly by glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged called?

Extensibility Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins keep filaments in proper alignment and give myofibrils elasticity and extensibility?

Structural proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?

Storage of calcium ions Signup and view all the answers

What process triggers muscle contraction by uncovering the myosin-binding sites on actin?

Excitation-contraction coupling Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins help switch muscle contractions on and off by covering the myosin-binding site on actin?

Tropomyosin and troponin Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the sliding of filaments during muscle contraction?

Sliding filament mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Where do muscle action potentials arise?

Neuromuscular junction Signup and view all the answers

What is unique to muscle cells in terms of ATP production?

Creatine phosphate utilization Signup and view all the answers

Which action reorients and energizes the myosin head during the contraction cycle in muscle fibers?

ATP hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism that connects a muscle action potential to the sliding of filaments called?

Excitation-contraction coupling Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature that differentiates muscle metabolism from other cells with respect to ATP production?

Utilization of creatine phosphate for rapid ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What causes muscle fatigue in terms of metabolic factors?

Depletion of creatine phosphate reserves Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to oxygen debt after strenuous exercise in skeletal muscles?

Restoration of metabolic conditions to resting levels after exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is a twitch contraction?

A brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a second stimulus occurs before the muscle fiber has relaxed?

The second contraction will be stronger than the first Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of motor unit recruitment?

To increase the number of active motor units Signup and view all the answers

What is muscle tone?

The small amount of tautness or tension in a muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about isotonic contractions?

Tension remains constant while muscle length changes Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers from other types of skeletal muscle fibers?

Capable of prolonged, sustained contractions and resistant to fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What happens during an isometric contraction?

Muscle does not change its length but tension increases Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skeletal System

Bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells and storing energy reserves.
Collagen, a protein, provides bone with great tensile strength.
The skeletal system is essential for mineral homeostasis, as bones act as a reservoir for calcium ions.
Yellow bone marrow is different from red bone marrow in terms of composition, as it contains more fat cells and is less involved in blood cell production.
Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of collagen.
Calcium ions are stored in bones, which act as a major reservoir.

Hormones and Bone Growth

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) contributes to bone growth during childhood.
Too little PTH can lead to hypocalcemia, while too much PTH can lead to hypercalcemia.
Vitamin K is necessary for protein synthesis related to bone health.
Osteoblast activity is stimulated by growth factors.

Bone Structure and Function

Cancellous bone has spaces between the trabeculae filled with red bone marrow.
The periosteum is responsible for bone growth and repair.
Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, while osteoclasts break down bone tissue.
Bone formation is called ossification.
The epiphyseal plate is responsible for growth in length.

Bone Remodelling

Bone remodelling is triggered by mechanical stress.
Bone tissue becomes stronger in response to mechanical stress through the deposition of new bone tissue.
Osteoclasts break down bone tissue, while osteoblasts build new bone tissue.

Muscle Tissue

Smooth muscle tissue forms most of the wall of the heart.
Skeletal muscle tissue can be consciously controlled by the somatic division of the nervous system.
Smooth muscle tissue can stretch to a greater extent than other muscle types due to its structure.
The sliding filament mechanism contributes to smooth muscle contraction.

Muscle Fibres

Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibres are adapted for intense anaerobic movements of short duration.
Endurance training causes a gradual transformation of some Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibres into Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) fibres.
Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibres fatigue quickly due to their anaerobic metabolism.
Slow Oxidative (SO) fibres contribute to activities such as walking and sprinting.

Muscle Physiology

Muscle tone is the state of partial contraction of muscle fibres.
Isotonic contractions occur when the muscle contracts while moving a load.
Motor unit recruitment is the process of increasing the force of muscle contraction by recruiting more motor units.
Muscle fatigue is caused by metabolic factors such as ATP depletion and lactic acid accumulation.
Oxygen debt occurs after strenuous exercise due to the need to replenish oxygen stores.

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Description

Learn about the skeletal system, including the different tissues that make up bone, its functions such as supporting soft tissue and protecting internal organs, and its role in mineral storage. Dive into the complexities of bones as organs and the interplay of various tissues within the skeletal system.

MT-PP20 Physiology 2 Lecture 1 &amp; 2: The Skeletal System Introduction

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