60 Questions
What is the main function of bone marrow in the skeletal system?
Produce a variety of blood cells
Which component of bone provides it with great tensile strength?
Collagen fibers
Why is the skeletal system essential for mineral homeostasis?
To store and release minerals like calcium and phosphorus
How is yellow bone marrow different from red bone marrow in terms of composition?
Contains mostly fat
Which vitamin is needed for the synthesis of collagen, the main bone protein?
Vitamin C
What is the major reservoir for calcium ions in the body?
Bones
Which hormone contributes to bone growth during childhood?
Human growth hormone (hGH)
What can result from too little parathyroid hormone (PTH) being released?
Low amounts of calcium in blood
What happens to bone tissue without mechanical stress?
More rapid bone resorption than formation
Which vitamin is necessary for protein synthesis related to bone health?
Vitamin B12
What stimulates osteoblast activity?
Vitamin A
What are the major minerals needed for bone growth and remodelling?
Calcium, phosphorus
Which hormones stimulate sudden growth and modifications of the skeleton at puberty?
Estrogen, testosterone
What is the role of bones in calcium homeostasis?
Buffering blood calcium levels
What can result from too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) being released?
Kidney stones
How does bone tissue become stronger in response to mechanical stress?
Increased mineral salt deposition
Which type of bone cells break down bone tissue?
Osteoclasts
What is the primary function of osteoblasts?
Build bone tissue
In which type of bone are spaces between the trabeculae filled with red bone marrow?
Spongy bone
What is the primary function of the periosteum?
Sense damage and transmit pain messages
What is the process of bone formation called?
Ossification
Which bone structure is responsible for growth in length?
Epiphyseal plate
What triggers bone remodelling according to the text?
Sedentary lifestyle
What type of muscle tissue forms most of the wall of the heart?
Cardiac muscle tissue
Which type of muscle tissue can be consciously controlled by the somatic division of the nervous system?
Skeletal muscle tissue
In which type of muscle tissue are spaces between the trabeculae filled with red bone marrow?
Skeletal muscle tissue
Why can smooth muscle stretch to a greater extent than other muscle types?
It can respond to stretching, hormones, or local factors
How does the sliding filament mechanism contribute to smooth muscle contraction?
By pulling on dense bodies attached to thin filaments
What is the stress-relaxation response in smooth muscle?
A decrease in contractile ability over time when fibres stretch
Why is the ability of smooth muscle fibres to respond to various factors important?
To provide flexibility in contraction and relaxation
In what way does smooth muscle differ from skeletal and cardiac muscle?
Can contract/relax in response to various factors
What is the main reason for smooth muscle having greater powers of regeneration compared to skeletal muscle?
Ability of smooth muscle fibres to undergo cell division
Which type of skeletal muscle fibres is adapted for intense anaerobic movements of short duration such as weight lifting or throwing a ball?
Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibres
What is the main factor contributing to individual differences in physical performance according to the text?
Genetically determined ratio of muscle fibre types
Which type of exercise causes a gradual transformation of some Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibres into Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) fibres?
Endurance-type exercises
Why do Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibres fatigue quickly?
Low myoglobin content
Which skeletal muscle type contributes to activities such as walking and sprinting?
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) Fibres
Why do Slow Oxidative (SO) fibres contract briefer than Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) fibres?
Generate ATP mainly by glycolysis
What is the primary determinant of the proportions of muscle fibre types in skeletal muscles?
Genetics and training regimen
Why do Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibres generate the most powerful contractions?
Generate ATP mainly by glycolysis
What is the ability of muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged called?
Extensibility
Which proteins keep filaments in proper alignment and give myofibrils elasticity and extensibility?
Structural proteins
What is the main function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?
Storage of calcium ions
What process triggers muscle contraction by uncovering the myosin-binding sites on actin?
Excitation-contraction coupling
Which proteins help switch muscle contractions on and off by covering the myosin-binding site on actin?
Tropomyosin and troponin
What is responsible for the sliding of filaments during muscle contraction?
Sliding filament mechanism
Where do muscle action potentials arise?
Neuromuscular junction
What is unique to muscle cells in terms of ATP production?
Creatine phosphate utilization
Which action reorients and energizes the myosin head during the contraction cycle in muscle fibers?
ATP hydrolysis
What is the mechanism that connects a muscle action potential to the sliding of filaments called?
Excitation-contraction coupling
What is the unique feature that differentiates muscle metabolism from other cells with respect to ATP production?
Utilization of creatine phosphate for rapid ATP synthesis
What causes muscle fatigue in terms of metabolic factors?
Depletion of creatine phosphate reserves
What contributes to oxygen debt after strenuous exercise in skeletal muscles?
Restoration of metabolic conditions to resting levels after exercise
What is a twitch contraction?
A brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential
What happens if a second stimulus occurs before the muscle fiber has relaxed?
The second contraction will be stronger than the first
What is the purpose of motor unit recruitment?
To increase the number of active motor units
What is muscle tone?
The small amount of tautness or tension in a muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions
Which statement is true about isotonic contractions?
Tension remains constant while muscle length changes
What differentiates Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers from other types of skeletal muscle fibers?
Capable of prolonged, sustained contractions and resistant to fatigue
What happens during an isometric contraction?
Muscle does not change its length but tension increases
Study Notes
Skeletal System
- Bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells and storing energy reserves.
- Collagen, a protein, provides bone with great tensile strength.
- The skeletal system is essential for mineral homeostasis, as bones act as a reservoir for calcium ions.
- Yellow bone marrow is different from red bone marrow in terms of composition, as it contains more fat cells and is less involved in blood cell production.
- Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of collagen.
- Calcium ions are stored in bones, which act as a major reservoir.
Hormones and Bone Growth
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) contributes to bone growth during childhood.
- Too little PTH can lead to hypocalcemia, while too much PTH can lead to hypercalcemia.
- Vitamin K is necessary for protein synthesis related to bone health.
- Osteoblast activity is stimulated by growth factors.
Bone Structure and Function
- Cancellous bone has spaces between the trabeculae filled with red bone marrow.
- The periosteum is responsible for bone growth and repair.
- Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, while osteoclasts break down bone tissue.
- Bone formation is called ossification.
- The epiphyseal plate is responsible for growth in length.
Bone Remodelling
- Bone remodelling is triggered by mechanical stress.
- Bone tissue becomes stronger in response to mechanical stress through the deposition of new bone tissue.
- Osteoclasts break down bone tissue, while osteoblasts build new bone tissue.
Muscle Tissue
- Smooth muscle tissue forms most of the wall of the heart.
- Skeletal muscle tissue can be consciously controlled by the somatic division of the nervous system.
- Smooth muscle tissue can stretch to a greater extent than other muscle types due to its structure.
- The sliding filament mechanism contributes to smooth muscle contraction.
Muscle Fibres
- Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibres are adapted for intense anaerobic movements of short duration.
- Endurance training causes a gradual transformation of some Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibres into Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) fibres.
- Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibres fatigue quickly due to their anaerobic metabolism.
- Slow Oxidative (SO) fibres contribute to activities such as walking and sprinting.
Muscle Physiology
- Muscle tone is the state of partial contraction of muscle fibres.
- Isotonic contractions occur when the muscle contracts while moving a load.
- Motor unit recruitment is the process of increasing the force of muscle contraction by recruiting more motor units.
- Muscle fatigue is caused by metabolic factors such as ATP depletion and lactic acid accumulation.
- Oxygen debt occurs after strenuous exercise due to the need to replenish oxygen stores.
Learn about the skeletal system, including the different tissues that make up bone, its functions such as supporting soft tissue and protecting internal organs, and its role in mineral storage. Dive into the complexities of bones as organs and the interplay of various tissues within the skeletal system.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
