Molecular Genetics Lecture 3

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Questions and Answers

Which molecule carries instructions from DNA to the rest of the ribosome?

  • Protein
  • mRNA (correct)
  • tRNA
  • rRNA

Which site on the ribosome is responsible for the initiation of protein synthesis?

  • P site (correct)
  • E site
  • mRNA site
  • A site

Which of the following is NOT a step in protein synthesis?

  • Termination
  • Elongation
  • Translation (correct)
  • Initiation

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

<p>Brings in new amino acids to match codons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is part of the structure of a ribosome?

<p>rRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of protein synthesis?

<p>A primary structure of a protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about amino acids?

<p>They are encoded directly by the codons of the universal genetic code (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are peptides?

<p>Short polymer chains formed by amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a codon?

<p>A sequence of three nucleotides that form a unit of genetic code (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the genetic code?

<p>It can be decoded unambiguously from protein sequence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are stop codons?

<p>Codons that signal the end of a sequence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?

<p>Insulin independence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation occurs when there is a change in the base that leads to a change in the amino acid?

<p>Missense mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by a frameshift mutation?

<p>Hemoglobin Wayne (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic inhibits the initiation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes?

<p>Streptomycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit in prokaryotes?

<p>Erythromycin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic inhibits the incoming tRNA to the A site at the 30S subunit in prokaryotes?

<p>Tetracycline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic acts as a premature terminator of protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

<p>Puromycin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics can affect mitochondrial eukaryotic RNA processes?

<p>Chloramphenicol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the P site on the ribosome during protein synthesis?

<p>Initiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a R- group modification that can occur to a protein precursor?

<p>Glycosylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can C-peptide levels help determine in patients with diabetes?

<p>Insulin production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about peptide bonds?

<p>Peptide bonds form between amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about stop codons?

<p>Stop codons are sequences of three nucleotides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about C-peptide levels in Type 1 diabetes?

<p>A very low C-peptide level confirms Type 1 diabetes and insulin dependence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is caused by the alteration in the 3rd base of a codon?

<p>Silent mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic acts as a premature terminator of protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

<p>Puromycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotics bind to the 30S subunit of the ribosome?

<p>Aminoglycosides and Tetracyclines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by a nonsense genetic codon change resulting in a mutation in proteins?

<p>a-thalassemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about essential amino acids?

<p>Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a peptide bond?

<p>A peptide bond is a short polymer chain of amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stop codons?

<p>UAA, UGA, UAG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the large and small subunit of ribosomes in prokaryotes?

<p>The large subunit is 50S and the small subunit is 30S (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the large and small subunits of ribosomes in eukaryotes?

<p>The large subunit is 60S and the small subunit is 40S (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the end products of protein synthesis?

<p>They are primary structures of proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics binds to the 30S subunit of the ribosome?

<p>Streptomycin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a very low C-peptide level in a patient?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is characterized by a change in the base leading to a change in the amino acid?

<p>Missense mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic inhibits the elongation step of protein synthesis in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

<p>Chloramphenicol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of using prokaryotic antibiotics on mitochondrial eukaryotic RNA processes?

<p>Mitochondrial dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a nonsense mutation?

<p>Formation of a premature termination codon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics acts as a premature terminator of protein synthesis by mimicking tRNA and binding to the A site?

<p>Puromycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All positively charged except?

<p>Serine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A basic amino structure consists of a central alpha carbon covalently bonded to a carboxyl group, an amine group, a hydrogen, and a variable R group.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Translation consumes 90% of the cells energy using 4 ATP per amino acid

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

where does "O" linked glycosylation occur? and with what amino acids?

<p>Serine/ Threonine in golgi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

constant spring is caused by?

<p>glutamine at 142 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Protein synthesis

The process of converting genetic information encoded in DNA into a functional protein.

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A messenger molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

P site

The site on the ribosome where protein synthesis begins.

Initiation (protein synthesis)

The process of initiating protein synthesis, starting with the binding of mRNA to the ribosome.

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Elongation (protein synthesis)

The step in protein synthesis where amino acids are added one by one to the growing polypeptide chain.

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Termination (protein synthesis)

The stage in protein synthesis where the process ends and the polypeptide chain is released.

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tRNA (transfer RNA)

A type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

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Codon

A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

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Genetic code

Universal code shared by most organisms, where specific codons represent the same amino acids.

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Stop codon

A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that signals the end of protein synthesis.

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rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

A type of RNA that is a structural component of ribosomes.

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Polypeptide chain

The primary product of protein synthesis, a linear chain of amino acids.

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Amino acids

The building blocks of proteins; each one is coded by a specific codon on mRNA.

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Missense mutation

A type of mutation that changes a codon to code for a different amino acid, potentially altering the protein's function.

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Nonsense mutation

A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon, leading to a shortened and likely non-functional protein.

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Silent mutation

A mutation that doesn't change the amino acid sequence, often affecting the third base of a codon.

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Type 1 diabetes

A type of diabetes characterized by insufficient insulin production, often due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

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Insulin

A peptide hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels.

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C-peptide

A peptide fragment released during insulin synthesis; its levels can differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

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Type 2 diabetes

Type of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance, where the body cannot properly use insulin to maintain blood sugar balance.

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Peptide bond

A chemical bond that links amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain.

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Protein modifications

Chemical modifications to proteins that can affect their function and activity.

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Phosphorylation

A type of protein modification where a phosphate group is added to a protein, often influencing its activity.

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Glycosylation

A type of modification involving the addition of sugar molecules to a protein.

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O-linked glycosylation

A type of glycosylation that occurs in the Golgi apparatus and primarily involves serine and threonine residues in proteins.

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Streptomycin

A strong antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by blocking the binding of tRNA to the ribosome.

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Chloramphenicol

An antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with peptide bond formation.

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Puromycin

A powerful antibiotic that acts as a premature terminator of protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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Translation

The process of translating the genetic code from mRNA into a protein.

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Energy consumption (protein synthesis)

The energy required for protein synthesis, mostly used during the elongation phase.

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Study Notes

Protein Synthesis Overview

  • mRNA carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
  • The P site on the ribosome is responsible for the initiation of protein synthesis.
  • Key steps in protein synthesis include initiation, elongation, and termination, while any step outside these is not part of the process.

tRNA and Ribosomal RNA

  • tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome, matching them to the codons on mRNA.
  • rRNA is a structural component of ribosomes, essential for their function.

Protein Synthesis Products

  • The end product of protein synthesis is a polypeptide chain that folds into a functional protein.
  • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and each amino acid is encoded by a specific codon.

Codons and Genetic Code

  • A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid.
  • The genetic code is universal, with specific codons representing the same amino acids across different organisms.

Stop Codons and Mutations

  • Stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) signal the termination of protein synthesis.
  • Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insufficient insulin production.
  • A missense mutation causes a change in the amino acid due to a base alteration.

Antibiotics and Their Effects on Protein Synthesis

  • Certain antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by targeting specific ribosomal subunits:
    • Streptomycin binds to the 30S subunit, inhibiting incoming tRNA to the A site.
    • Chloramphenicol binds to the 50S subunit, interfering with peptide bond formation.
    • Puromycin acts as a premature terminator of protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

C-Peptide and Diabetes

  • C-peptide levels can help differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes; low levels indicate Type 1 diabetes.
  • Very low C-peptide levels suggest low endogenous insulin production.

Peptide Bonds and Modifications

  • A peptide bond links amino acids, forming the backbone of proteins.
  • R-group modifications to proteins include phosphorylation and glycosylation, which affect protein function.

Characteristics of Mutations

  • A nonsense mutation leads to a premature stop in protein synthesis.
  • Alterations in the third base of a codon often result in silent mutations without changing the amino acid.

Energy Consumption

  • Translation, the process of protein synthesis, consumes approximately 90% of a cell's energy, requiring 4 ATP molecules per amino acid added to the chain.

Glycosylation

  • "O-linked" glycosylation occurs in the Golgi apparatus and primarily involves serine and threonine residues in proteins.

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