111 Questions
The adult human skeleton has 206 bones.
True
Compact bone tissue contains many spaces.
False
The skeletal system includes ligaments but not tendons.
False
The axial division of the skeletal system includes skull bones.
True
Mineral homeostasis is not one of the functions of bones.
False
The haversian systems are repeating structural units found in spongy bone tissue.
False
Under stress, bone tissue becomes weaker through decreased deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibres by osteoblasts.
False
Without mechanical stress, bone remodels normally because bone resorption occurs at the same rate as bone formation.
False
The main mechanical stresses on bone are those that result from the push of skeletal muscles and the push of gravity.
False
Deficiency of Vitamin A can result in fragile bones.
True
Excessive Growth Hormone can lead to dwarfism.
False
Insufficient Thyroid Hormone stimulates bone growth.
False
Sex hormones contribute to adolescent growth spurt.
True
Physical stress stimulates bone growth.
True
Glucocorticoids activate osteoblasts and deposition of bone.
False
Vitamin C deficiency leads to rickets and osteomalacia.
False
Spongy bone tissue contains osteons.
False
Long bones typically have a shaft with heads at both ends.
True
Flat bones contain mostly compact bone.
False
Osteoblasts are bone-destroying cells.
False
Bone remodeling is only a process by osteoblasts.
False
Endochondral ossification is a method where bone forms within sheets of mesenchyme.
False
During endochondral ossification, the development of the medullary cavity occurs at the end of bone growth.
False
Epiphyseal plates allow for the growth of long bones during adulthood.
False
Bone resorption is the action of osteoblasts and calcitonin.
False
Blood levels of Ca2+ are controlled by positive feedback loops.
False
Bone tissue has the ability to alter its strength in response to changes in mechanical stress.
True
What is the main function of bones in the human body?
Mineral homeostasis
Which division of the skeletal system includes bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip bones?
Appendicular division
What is the primary tissue found in compact bone?
Haversian systems
During which process does bone formation occur within sheets of mesenchyme?
Endochondral ossification
What is the total number of bones in the adult human skeleton?
206
Which type of bone tissue contains osteons or haversian systems?
Compact bone tissue
What is the main reason bone does not remodel normally without mechanical stress?
Rapid bone resorption
Which hormone is required for bone development before puberty?
Insulin-like growth factor
What deficiency results in fragile bones?
Vitamin C
Which hormone can lead to gigantism and acromegaly if in excess?
Growth hormone
What stimulates bone growth?
Physical stress
What is the main mechanical stress on bone that results from the pull of skeletal muscles and gravity?
Tensile force
Which deficiency results in rickets and osteomalacia?
Vitamin D
Which hormone promotes bone formation and stimulates ossification of epiphyseal plates?
Sex hormones
What is the role of weight-bearing activity in bone development?
Stimulates bone formation
Which hormone is required for adolescent growth spurt?
Sex hormones
Which type of bone typically contains mostly spongy bone?
Short bones
What is the function of the articular cartilage in long bones?
To decrease friction at joint surfaces
What is the function of the periosteum in long bones?
To supply bone cells with nutrients
What is the primary function of osteoclasts?
Removal of bone matrix
At what stage of bone formation does mesenchyme form hyaline cartilage which then develops into bone?
Endochondral ossification
What is the function of the epiphyseal plates in long bones during childhood?
To allow for growth of long bones
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity and decreases loss of Ca2+ in urine as part of bone homeostasis?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
How does bone tissue respond to changes in mechanical stress?
By altering its strength
Which type of bones contain thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone?
Flat bones
What occurs during endochondral ossification at the time of birth?
Formation of secondary ossification center
What is the primary method by which most bones form according to the text?
Endochondral ossification
What is contained in the medullary cavity in adults according to the text?
Yellow marrow mostly composed of fat
Which type of bone typically contains mostly spongy bone?
Flat bones
What is the primary function of osteoclasts?
Bone resorption
Which division of the skeletal system includes bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip bones?
Appendicular division
What occurs during endochondral ossification at the time of birth?
Formation of the medullary cavity
What is contained in the medullary cavity in adults according to the text?
Red bone marrow
Under stress, bone tissue becomes weaker through decreased deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibres by osteoblasts.
False
What is the primary role of weight-bearing activity in bone development?
Stimulates production of collagen fibres by osteoblasts
Which hormone is required for bone development before puberty?
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
What occurs during endochondral ossification at the time of birth?
Formation of the medullary cavity
What is the function of the articular cartilage in long bones?
Acts as a shock absorber at joints
Which deficiency results in fragile bones?
Vitamin C
What is the main mechanical stress on bone that results from the pull of skeletal muscles and gravity?
Tension
Which type of bone typically contains mostly spongy bone?
Flat bones
What is the total number of bones in the adult human skeleton?
206
What is contained in the medullary cavity in adults according to the text?
Yellow bone marrow
Which hormone promotes bone formation and stimulates ossification of epiphyseal plates?
Estrogen
What is the primary method by which most bones form according to the text?
Endochondral ossification
What are Sharpey's fibers responsible for?
Securing periosteum to underlying bone
Which type of bones are generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone?
Short bones
What is the function of the articular cartilage in long bones?
Decreasing friction at joint surfaces
What is the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
Breaking down bone matrix for remodeling
Which type of bone tissue contains osteons or Haversian systems?
Compact bone
What occurs during endochondral ossification at the time of birth?
Development of secondary ossification center
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity and decreases loss of Ca2+ in urine as part of bone homeostasis?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What is contained in the medullary cavity in adults according to the text?
Yellow marrow mostly fat
What stimulates bone growth?
Growth hormone
Which division of the skeletal system includes bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip bones?
Appendicular skeleton
What is the total number of bones in the adult human skeleton?
206 bones
What factors contribute to bone development, growth, and repair, as mentioned in the text?
Adequate minerals (Ca, P, Mg), Vitamins A, C, D, hormones (hGH, thyroid hormone, sex hormones), weight-bearing activity
How does deficiency of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D affect bone development, as mentioned in the text?
Vitamin A deficiency retards bone development, Vitamin C deficiency results in fragile bones, and Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets and osteomalacia
What are the effects of insufficient and excessive growth hormone on bone growth, as mentioned in the text?
Insufficient growth hormone leads to dwarfism, while excessive growth hormone leads to gigantism and acromegaly
How do sex hormones and physical stress contribute to bone formation, as mentioned in the text?
Sex hormones promote bone formation and stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates, while physical stress stimulates bone growth
What are the effects of insufficient thyroid hormone on bone growth, as mentioned in the text?
Insufficient thyroid hormone delays bone growth
What is the role of glucocorticoids in bone homeostasis, as mentioned in the text?
Glucocorticoids activate osteoclasts and the resorption of bone
How does physical stress affect bone tissue, as mentioned in the text?
Physical stress stimulates bone growth
What are the factors that contribute to the strength of bone tissue, as mentioned in the text?
Increased deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers by osteoblasts
What is the primary mechanical stress on bone, as mentioned in the text?
The pull of skeletal muscles and the pull of gravity
What are the factors necessary for bone development, growth, and repair, as mentioned in the text?
Adequate minerals (Ca, P, Mg), Vitamins A, C, D, hormones (hGH, thyroid hormone, sex hormones), weight-bearing activity
What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plates in long bones during childhood?
Allow for growth of long bone
What occurs during endochondral ossification at the time of birth?
Formation of secondary ossification center and articular cartilage
What stimulates bone growth?
Growth hormone
What is the primary method by which most bones form according to the text?
Endochondral ossification
What is the primary function of osteoclasts?
Bone resorption
Which type of bone typically contains mostly spongy bone?
Short bones
What is contained in the medullary cavity in adults according to the text?
Yellow marrow (mostly fat)
During endochondral ossification, the development of the medullary cavity occurs at what stage of bone growth?
Towards the end of bone growth
What is the function of the articular cartilage in long bones?
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses and decreases friction at joint surfaces
What deficiency results in rickets and osteomalacia?
Vitamin D deficiency
Which hormone promotes bone formation and stimulates ossification of epiphyseal plates?
Thyroid hormone
How does bone tissue respond to changes in mechanical stress?
Alters its strength
What are the six functions of bones?
Support of the body, Protection of soft organs, Assistance in movement, Mineral homeostasis, Blood cell production, Triglyceride storage
How many bones does the adult skeleton have?
206
What are the two basic types of bone tissue?
Compact bone tissue and spongy bone tissue
What is the main mechanical stress on bone that results from the push of skeletal muscles and the push of gravity?
Weight-bearing activity
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
Axial and Appendicular
What is contained in the medullary cavity in adults according to the text?
Yellow bone marrow
Test your knowledge on the functions and structure of bones, bone cells, homeostasis, and factors affecting bone, as covered in the MPharm Programme lecture on Skeletal System - Bones (1).
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