65 Questions
Which hormone is responsible for the growth and development of ovarian follicles and ovarian secretion of estrogen in females, and for sperm production in males?
FSH
What hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary to control the growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulate the secretion of cortisol?
ACTH
Which hormone is responsible for enhancing breast development and milk production in females?
Prolactin (PRL)
The hormone that regulates urinary water loss and promotes renal water reabsorption is:
ADH
Which gland secretes melatonin, known as 'the hormone of darkness'?
Pineal gland
Where are thyroid hormones synthesized and stored until release?
Thyroid gland
Which layer or zone of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids?
Zona glomerulosa
What is the function of the inner adrenal medulla?
Secrete catecholamines
Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding?
Oxytocin
What hormone promotes thyroid gland development and stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones?
TSH
What controls the secretion of prolactin (PRL) from the pituitary gland?
Dopamine (DA)
Which hormone is responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance, blood pressure homeostasis, and long-term metabolic control?
Mineralocorticoids
Which hormone is essential for maintaining Na+ & K+ balance and ECF volume?
Aldosterone
What hormone is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
Cortisol
Which hormone is primarily secreted in response to a direct effect of a fall in blood glucose concentration?
Glucagon
Which hormone exerts opposite effects to parathyroid hormone (PTH) by lowering plasma Ca++ levels via bone resorption and renal reabsorption?
Calcitonin
What is the primary function of the testes?
Spermatogenesis
Which hormone is secreted by Leydig cells of the testes and increases rapidly at puberty?
Testosterone
What is the key function of oestrogens?
Promoting maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs
Which hormone helps mediate sexual response in the brain and inhibits uterine contractions during gestation?
Progestins/progestogens
What is the main function of adrenaline and noradrenaline secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Reinforcing the 'fight-or-flight' response and maintaining arterial blood pressure.
What hormone promotes cellular uptake and storage of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and plays a key role in adaptation to stress?
Insulin
What hormone regulates fuel metabolism and plays a key role in adaptation to stress?
Cortisol
Which hormone is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
Insulin
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Endocrine System?
Digestion of food
How are hormones transported in the bloodstream?
As free and unbound molecules
Which type of hormone synthesis occurs through a vesicle-mediated pathway?
Polypeptides
How is the timing and pattern of hormonal secretion regulated?
By end-product inhibition
Which division of the Endocrine System is referred to as 'master regulators'?
Central Endocrine Glands
What connects the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland?
Hypophyseal portal system
Which part of the Pituitary Gland is responsible for secreting hormones that control the function of many target glands and cells?
Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis)
Which hormone is responsible for regulating overall body growth, soft tissue growth, bone growth, and protein synthesis?
Growth hormone (GH)
What modulates growth hormone secretion in the body?
Hormones from the hypothalamus and gastric fundus
What type of disorders may result from abnormalities in hormonal secretion or target cell responsiveness?
Endocrine disorders
Which hormone is responsible for regulating urinary water loss and promoting renal water reabsorption?
ADH
What hormone promotes thyroid gland development and stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones?
TSH
Which hormone is responsible for the growth and development of ovarian follicles and ovarian secretion of estrogen in females, and for sperm production in males?
LH
What hormone is primarily secreted in response to a direct effect of a fall in blood glucose concentration?
Insulin
Which hormone is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
Insulin
What hormone promotes cellular uptake and storage of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and plays a key role in adaptation to stress?
Insulin
Which hormone is essential for maintaining Na+ & K+ balance and ECF volume?
ADH
Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining Na+ & K+ balance and ECF volume?
Aldosterone
What hormone is primarily secreted in response to a direct effect of a fall in blood glucose concentration?
Glucagon
Which hormone plays a key role in adaptation to stress and regulates fuel metabolism?
Cortisol
What hormone promotes the development of the male reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics, and maintains sexual desire and drive?
Testosterone
Which hormone is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, enhancing protein synthesis and catabolism?
Cortisol
Which hormone is the single most important regulator of blood Ca++ levels, raising plasma Ca++ levels via bone resorption, renal reabsorption, and intestinal absorption?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What hormone is responsible for reinforcing the 'fight-or-flight' response and maintaining arterial blood pressure?
Adrenaline
Which hormone is responsible for promoting maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics, and has critical roles in the normal female reproductive cycle?
Oestrogens (including estradiol)
What hormone is secreted by granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle and increases rapidly at puberty?
Oestrogens (including estradiol)
What hormone is involved in supplementing sex hormones, promoting protein anabolism and growth, and is physiologically significant in females?
DHEA
Which hormone exerts opposite effects to parathyroid hormone (PTH), lowering plasma Ca++ levels via bone resorption and renal reabsorption?
Calcitonin
What hormone is secreted by Leydig cells of the testes and increases rapidly at puberty?
Testosterone
Which type of hormone synthesis occurs through a vesicle-mediated pathway?
Polypeptides, proteins & glycoproteins
What modulates growth hormone secretion in the body?
Gastric fundus (ghrelin)
Which hormone is responsible for enhancing breast development and milk production in females?
Prolactin
Which part of the Pituitary Gland is responsible for secreting hormones that control the function of many target glands and cells?
Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis)
What connects the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland?
Hypophyseal portal system
What is the main function of adrenaline and noradrenaline secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Regulating sodium and potassium balance
Where are thyroid hormones synthesized and stored until release?
Thyroid gland
Which part of the Endocrine System is referred to as 'master regulators'?
Central Endocrine Glands
How are hormones transported in the bloodstream?
'Carrier protein-bound'
What hormone promotes cellular uptake and storage of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and plays a key role in adaptation to stress?
Cortisol
What hormone regulates fuel metabolism and plays a key role in adaptation to stress?
Adrenaline
What part of the Endocrine System includes the thyroid glands, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, parathyroid glands, and gonads?
Peripheral Endocrine Glands
Study Notes
-
The Endocrine System is a specialized ductless system that regulates, integrates, coordinates, and controls important cellular, organ, and body functions.
-
It consists of specialized glands and neurosecretory cells scattered throughout the body that secrete biologically active chemical messengers (hormones) into the bloodstream.
-
Hormones are carried in the bloodstream to interact with distant target cells, leading to specific responses in terms of metabolism, growth, or reproduction.
-
The functions of the Endocrine System include regulation of cellular metabolism and water & electrolyte balance, control of growth, development, and reproduction, and adaptation to stressful situations.
-
Hormones can be classified chemically as amines & amino acid derivatives, polypeptides, proteins & glycoproteins, steroids, and hydrophilic vs lipophilic.
-
Hormone synthesis occurs through either a vesicle-mediated pathway or a non-vesicle-mediated pathway, and transport can be free and unbound or carrier protein-bound.
-
The timing and pattern of hormonal secretion are regulated through negative-feedback control, end-product inhibition, and diurnal or circadian rhythms.
-
Hormonal signalling occurs through interaction with specific receptors, which can be linked to effector systems within the cell.
-
The Endocrine System includes two broad anatomical divisions: the Central Endocrine Glands (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland) and the Peripheral Endocrine Glands (thyroid glands, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, parathyroid glands, gonads).
-
The Central Endocrine Glands function cooperatively as 'master regulators' of the endocrine system, controlling critical homeostatic and metabolic functions.
-
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland are connected by the hypophyseal portal system and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal nerve tract.
-
The Hypothalamus acts as a neuroendocrine transducer, releasing hormones to control pituitary hormone secretions.
-
The Pituitary Gland, often referred to as the 'master gland,' secretes hormones that control the function of many target glands and cells, consisting of the Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis) and Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis).
-
The Anterior Pituitary secretes and releases six major hormones, while the Posterithyroid gland stores and releases two hormones.
-
Growth hormone (GH) is the primary hormone for regulation of overall body growth, stimulating growth of soft tissues, bone, and cartilage, and promoting cell division and protein synthesis.
-
Growth hormone also plays an important role in intermediary metabolism, exerting largely anti-insulin effects and increasing lipolysis, mobilizing and using free fatty acids as fuel, and inhibiting peripheral cellular glucose uptake to maintain blood glucose levels.
-
Growth hormone secretion is modulated by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus (GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine) and the gastric fundus (ghrelin).
-
Hormonal disorders may result from hyposecretion or hypersecretion of hormones or abnormal target cell responsiveness.
-
The Endocrine System is a specialized ductless system that regulates, integrates, coordinates, and controls important cellular, organ, and body functions.
-
It consists of specialized glands and neurosecretory cells scattered throughout the body that secrete biologically active chemical messengers (hormones) into the bloodstream.
-
Hormones are carried in the bloodstream to interact with distant target cells, leading to specific responses in terms of metabolism, growth, or reproduction.
-
The functions of the Endocrine System include regulation of cellular metabolism and water & electrolyte balance, control of growth, development, and reproduction, and adaptation to stressful situations.
-
Hormones can be classified chemically as amines & amino acid derivatives, polypeptides, proteins & glycoproteins, steroids, and hydrophilic vs lipophilic.
-
Hormone synthesis occurs through either a vesicle-mediated pathway or a non-vesicle-mediated pathway, and transport can be free and unbound or carrier protein-bound.
-
The timing and pattern of hormonal secretion are regulated through negative-feedback control, end-product inhibition, and diurnal or circadian rhythms.
-
Hormonal signalling occurs through interaction with specific receptors, which can be linked to effector systems within the cell.
-
The Endocrine System includes two broad anatomical divisions: the Central Endocrine Glands (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland) and the Peripheral Endocrine Glands (thyroid glands, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, parathyroid glands, gonads).
-
The Central Endocrine Glands function cooperatively as 'master regulators' of the endocrine system, controlling critical homeostatic and metabolic functions.
-
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland are connected by the hypophyseal portal system and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal nerve tract.
-
The Hypothalamus acts as a neuroendocrine transducer, releasing hormones to control pituitary hormone secretions.
-
The Pituitary Gland, often referred to as the 'master gland,' secretes hormones that control the function of many target glands and cells, consisting of the Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis) and Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis).
-
The Anterior Pituitary secretes and releases six major hormones, while the Posterithyroid gland stores and releases two hormones.
-
Growth hormone (GH) is the primary hormone for regulation of overall body growth, stimulating growth of soft tissues, bone, and cartilage, and promoting cell division and protein synthesis.
-
Growth hormone also plays an important role in intermediary metabolism, exerting largely anti-insulin effects and increasing lipolysis, mobilizing and using free fatty acids as fuel, and inhibiting peripheral cellular glucose uptake to maintain blood glucose levels.
-
Growth hormone secretion is modulated by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus (GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine) and the gastric fundus (ghrelin).
-
Hormonal disorders may result from hyposecretion or hypersecretion of hormones or abnormal target cell responsiveness.
This quiz covers the lecture outline for Week 15 of the MPharm Programme, focusing on the normal systems and the endocrine system. Topics include general principles of endocrine function, types of hormones and signaling pathways, central and peripheral endocrine glands, and their respective hormones.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
