Movement Disorders: Types, Causes, and Treatment

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What is the primary goal of treatment for movement disorders when there is no cure?

To improve symptoms and relieve pain

Which of the following can cause movement disorders by damaging the nervous system?

Infections and tumors

What is the purpose of deep brain stimulation in treating movement disorders?

To stimulate specific areas of the brain to manage symptoms

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of movement disorders?

Hormonal imbalance Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of physical therapy in treating movement disorders?

To improve muscle strength, coordination, and flexibility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of movement disorder that can be inherited?

Huntington's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of hyperkinetic movement disorders?

Increased movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movement disorders is NOT typically characterized by abnormal involuntary movements?

Ataxia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders?

Hypokinetic disorders are characterized by decreased movement, while hyperkinetic disorders are characterized by increased movement. Signup and view all the answers

Tourette syndrome is characterized by which of the following symptoms?

Sudden twitches, movements, or sounds (tics). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movement disorders is typically painful?

Dystonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Huntington's disease?

Genetic inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of hypokinetic movement disorders?

Slowness or poverty of movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movement disorders is typically associated with a decrease in dopamine?

Parkinson's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hypokinetic movement disorders on movement?

Decreased speed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a hypokinetic movement disorder?

Parkinson's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of hypokinetic movement disorders on daily life?

Reduced mobility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of hyperkinetic movement disorders?

Abnormal involuntary movements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a hyperkinetic movement disorder?

Tourette syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of hyperkinetic movement disorders on daily life?

It makes daily activities more challenging Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of hyperkinetic movement disorders?

Tics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for hyperkinetic movement disorders?

To manage symptoms and improve quality of life Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of dystonia?

Intermittent or continuous muscle contractions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tremor is characterized by being suppressible?

Essential tremor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between simple and complex tics?

Simple tics affect a single muscle group, while complex tics involve several muscle groups Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movement disorders is characterized by dance-like movements?

Chorea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of ballism?

Wild, large-amplitude, flinging movements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movement disorders can be self-limited or recurring?

Sydenham's chorea Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of bradykinesia?

Slowness of movement and speed Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of delayed diagnosis and treatment of movement disorders like dopa-responsive dystonia?

Functional disabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for movement disorders when there is no cure?

To manage the symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that refers to brain conditions causing slowed movements, rigidity, tremor, or balance trouble?

Parkinsonism Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of movement disorder that is often treatable?

Medication-induced parkinsonism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that describes the slowness of movement and speed?

Bradykinesia Signup and view all the answers

What is the age of Justin, the child with a mass in his abdomen and unusual eye movements?

2 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the common thread among the three patients described?

They all have movement disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structures are involved in coordinating movements?

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and basal ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders?

One causes slow movements, the other causes excessive movements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the patients is described as having a hand tremor at rest?

Ashton Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the jerky, shock-like movements of Justin's extremities?

Myoclonus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that refers to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and other similar conditions?

Parkinsonism Signup and view all the answers

What is the mnemonic used to remember the four cardinal symptoms of parkinsonism?

TRAP Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of rigidity that is often described as a cogwheel-like rigidity?

Cogwheel-like rigidity Signup and view all the answers

What is the age group primarily affected by Parkinson's disease?

Individuals over 50 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the part of the brain that is affected in Parkinson's disease?

Substantia nigra Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inclusions made of alpha-synuclein protein that are present in the dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease?

Lewy bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the balance between dopamine and acetylcholine in the basal ganglia that is affected in Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine promotes movement, acetylcholine inhibits movement Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication in Parkinson's disease?

Aspiration pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the involuntary movement that occurs in Huntington's disease?

Chorea Signup and view all the answers

What is the medication often used to manage psychosis in Parkinson's disease?

Clozapine Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of deep brain stimulation in treating Parkinson's disease?

To manage motor symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the combination of chorea and athetosis?

Choreoathetosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Huntington's disease?

Mutation in the HD gene on chromosome 4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the mutated protein in Huntington's disease?

Aggregation of huntingtin protein, leading to neuronal cell death Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon of anticipation in Huntington's disease?

Repeat expansion Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the involuntary, brief, rapid, jerky movement of a limb?

Myoclonus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the severe form of chorea characterized by wild, flinging movements of a limb?

Hemiballismus Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease associated with myoclonus and rapidly progressive dementia?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the combination of rapid, erratic, dancing eye movements and limb myoclonus?

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Lewy body dementia and dementia secondary to Parkinson’s disease?

Duration between onset of dementia and motor symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the involuntary, slow, snake-like movement of the limbs?

Athetosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of multiple system atrophy?

Orthostatic hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of progressive supranuclear palsy?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of parkinsonism?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of movement disorder?

Tremor Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of tremor that occurs during a specific task?

Task-specific tremor Signup and view all the answers

What is a classic sign of hepatic encephalopathy in liver disease?

Asterixis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary inheritance pattern of essential tremor?

Autosomal dominant Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of caffeine on essential tremor?

Worsens the tremor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for essential tremor?

Beta blockers Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age of onset of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

Adolescents Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disorder characterized by myoclonus and muscle weakness, which is mitochondrially inherited?

MERRF Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for mimicking the movements of others in motor tics?

Echopraxia Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical association of Tourette syndrome with psychiatric conditions?

ADHD, OCD, and autism spectrum disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of restless leg syndrome?

Discomfort in the legs when resting or falling asleep Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the mutation in hepatocyte copper-transporting ATP-ase in Wilson's disease?

Excessive copper buildup in the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical finding in the eye in Wilson's disease?

Kayser-Fleischer ring Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease?

Bradykinesia and another 'TRAP' symptom Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical association of Lewy body dementia with parkinsonism?

Onset of dementia and parkinsonism in less than one year Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment in movement disorders when there is no cure?

To manage the symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Huntington's disease?

Chorea, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of hemiballismus?

Lesion in the contralateral subthalamic nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome?

Neuroblastoma in a child Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

Multiple vacuoles in neutrophils and neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Tourette syndrome?

At least 2 motor tics and 1 vocal tic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Wilson's disease?

High urine copper level and low serum ceruloplasmin level Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of chorea gravidarum?

Metabolic conditions like thyrotoxicosis or acute hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of essential tremor?

Family history of tremor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of flapping tremor?

Metabolic disorder, such as hepatic encephalopathy or uremic encephalopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of restless leg syndrome?

Clinical presentation and iron deficiency anemia or chronic kidney disease Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Movement Disorders

Overview

Movement disorders are a class of neurological conditions characterized by abnormalities in movement control. These conditions can manifest as either increased movement (hyperkinetic) or decreased movement (hypokinetic). Hyperkinetic movement disorders include conditions such as tremors, tics, and chorea, while hypokinetic disorders include Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. This article provides an overview of the various types of movement disorders, their causes, and treatments.

Types of Movement Disorders

Some common types of movement disorders include:

Ataxia: The loss of muscle coordination, which can lead to unsteadiness and difficulty with fine motor tasks.
Dystonia: A condition characterized by involuntary contractions of muscles, causing twisting and repetitive movements. Dystonia can be painful and affect various parts of the body.
Huntington's disease: An inherited disorder in which nerve cells in certain parts of the brain waste away, leading to symptoms such as uncontrolled movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric issues.
Parkinson's disease: A progressive neurological disorder that causes tremors, slowness of movement, and trouble walking.
Tourette syndrome: A condition that causes sudden twitches, movements, or sounds (tics).
Tremor and essential tremor: These disorders cause involuntary trembling or shaking movements, which can affect one or more parts of the body.

Causes

Movement disorders can be caused by various factors, including:

Genetics: Some movement disorders are inherited, such as Huntington's disease and Angelman syndrome.
Infections: Certain viral or bacterial infections can lead to movement disorders, such as Sydenham chorea, which is caused by streptococcal infection.
Medications: Certain medications can cause or worsen movement disorders, including neuroleptic malignant syndrome and tardive dyskinesia.
Brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerve damage: Injuries, tumors, or other conditions that damage the nervous system can lead to movement disorders.
Metabolic disorders: Conditions such as vitamin B12 deficiency can cause neurological features, including cognitive and psychiatric disturbances, gait instability, and neuropathy.
Stroke and vascular diseases: Strokes and other vascular conditions can cause movement disorders by damaging the brain or spinal cord.
Toxins: Exposure to certain toxins, such as heavy metals, can lead to movement disorders.

Treatment

Treatment for movement disorders varies depending on the specific condition. Some disorders can be cured with medications, while others may improve when an underlying disease is treated. In cases where there is no cure, the goal of treatment is often to improve symptoms and relieve pain. Treatment options for movement disorders may include:

Medications: Various medications can be used to treat movement disorders, such as anticholinergics for tremors and botulinum toxin injections for dystonia.
Deep brain stimulation: Surgical procedures, such as deep brain stimulation, can be used to treat certain movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and dystonia.
Physical therapy: Physical therapy can help improve muscle strength, coordination, and flexibility in individuals with movement disorders.
Supportive care: In some cases, supportive care may be necessary to manage symptoms and maintain quality of life, such as assistive devices for those with mobility issues.

In conclusion, movement disorders are a diverse group of neurological conditions that can affect movement control. These disorders can be caused by various factors and require individualized treatment approaches. Understanding the different types of movement disorders, their causes, and treatments is essential for effective management and support for those affected by these conditions.

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