Movement Disorders and Psychological States
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Questions and Answers

What is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions resulting in abnormal postures?

  • Dystonia (correct)
  • Choreiform movements
  • Convulsions
  • Automated obedience

Which type of movement disorder involves a series of disruptive, rapid, and abrupt muscle contractions?

  • Choreiform movements (correct)
  • Mannerisms
  • Ecopraxia
  • Hypomimia

What defines the phenomenon where a patient performs actions based solely on the commands given, without considering the outcome?

  • Hypomimia
  • Automated obedience (correct)
  • Negativism
  • Motor attitude

Which term describes the imitation of gestures from other individuals?

<p>Ecopraxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement disorder is characterized by rhythmic muscle contractions?

<p>Convulsions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes hypomimia?

<p>Diminished facial expressions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe the active opposition to given orders in a patient?

<p>Negativism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification of movements involves exaggerated, strange gestures that lack authenticity?

<p>Mannerisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a psychological state characterized by dissatisfaction and discomfort, often seen as a blend of sadness and irritability?

<p>Dysphoria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional state is primarily triggered by the expectation of a clearly identified danger?

<p>Fear or Dread (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a condition of emotional expression characterized by a decrease in range and intensity?

<p>Restricted Affect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when a patient's emotions substantially influence the emotional state of an interviewer?

<p>Affective Resonance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of affect refers to an absence of emotional modulation, often resulting in disinterest in one's environment?

<p>Flat Affect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the simultaneous presence of opposing emotions towards the same person or situation?

<p>Affective Ambivalence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation would a person show responses disproportionate to triggers, often reacting with anger?

<p>Irritability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes an emotional experience marked by intense fluctuations in emotional expression?

<p>Affect Lability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the persistent and uniform repetition of a word or phrase?

<p>Verbal Stereotypy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes flight of ideas in communication?

<p>Accelerated thinking outpacing verbal expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the use of invented words that do not exist in the language?

<p>Neologisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of logoclonia?

<p>Spasmodic syllable repetition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the absence of associative links between ideas?

<p>Incoherence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by metalallia?

<p>Repetition of the last word spoken by another person (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon involves the systematic use of neologisms creating a pseudo-language?

<p>Glossolalia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does circumstantiality refer to in conversation?

<p>Irrelevant details preceding the main idea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the phenomenon of taquippsiquia?

<p>Stream of thoughts that are faster than usual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does logorrea mainly refer to in terms of thought production?

<p>Rapid and abundant speech (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder reflects a decrease in speed of associative thoughts without affecting the quantity of speech?

<p>Bradipsiquia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does concrete thinking indicate in the context of mental associations?

<p>Reduction in deductive reasoning and associations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of perseveration in thought processes?

<p>Repetitive expression of an idea with slight variations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate description of blocking or interruption in thought?

<p>Inability to communicate thoughts effectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the cognitive condition known as bradilalia?

<p>Significant slowdown in speech (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between taquilalia and taquipsiquia?

<p>Taquilalia is the faster speech associated with taquipsiquia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes tangentiality in verbal responses?

<p>Answers related to the question but not precise. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of idea involves a consistent, distorted belief that is shared within the patient's group?

<p>Delirium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of delusion is characterized by the belief that one is being spied on or tormented?

<p>Persecutory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pararesponses' refer to in verbal communication?

<p>Deliberately absurd and incorrect answers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of ideas pertains specifically to the patient's beliefs about their health?

<p>Hypochondriacal ideas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of delusion involves attributing control over one’s thoughts to external forces?

<p>Influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of delusional belief might involve interpreting ordinary events as personal messages?

<p>Referential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which verbal response style is often characterized by a lack of relevance to the question posed?

<p>Irrelevance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes motor block?

<p>Sudden interruption of a movement with variable ability to act later. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between compulsion and impulson?

<p>Compulsion is initiated by anxiety, while impulson is not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the external expression of mood through various forms of communication?

<p>Affect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is motor ambivalence best described?

<p>Conflicting impulses that result in indecisive actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes mood from emotion?

<p>Emotion fluctuates more than a steady mood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does euthymia signify in a person's emotional state?

<p>A normal and desirable mood state with serene experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the meaning of emotions?

<p>They correspond to intense and fleeting variations in mood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is paralysis mainly defined as?

<p>A complete inability to perform voluntary movements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mannerisms

Exaggerated, theatrical, and artificial movements that seem out of place in a social context.

Convulsions

Sudden, violent, involuntary muscle contractions affecting the whole body or part of it.

Choreiform Movements

Involuntary, purposeless movements that are quick, jerky, and asymmetric.

Dystonia

A movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions leading to sustained abnormal postures, twisted movements, or jerky motions.

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Motor Attitude

A tendency to act in a specific way or to adopt a repeatable behavioral pattern.

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Induced Movement

Movements made in response to orders or suggestions from an examiner.

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Automatic Obedience

The patient carries out any order without considering the consequences.

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Negativism

The patient ignores or opposes orders and directions given to them.

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Motor Block

A sudden, involuntary stopping of a movement, sometimes preventing initiation.

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Apraxia

Difficulty or inability to perform complex actions, despite understanding the task.

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Paralysis

Inability to move, resulting from a lack of muscle function.

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Compulsion

An urgent need to perform an act, often irrational, to relieve anxiety.

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Impulsion

A sudden, irresistible urge to act, often without reason, as in compulsion, but without preceding anxiety.

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Motor Ambivalence

Conflict between two opposing impulses, leading to indecisiveness in action.

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Affect

The external expression of feelings through facial expressions, body language, and words.

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Mood

A long-lasting emotional state, a general feeling or tone, rather than a specific immediate emotion.

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Dysphoria

A feeling of unhappiness, frustration, or discomfort. It's like being stuck in a state of low energy and feeling out of sorts.

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Anxiety

A state of nervousness, worry, and unease, often accompanied by physical symptoms like increased heart rate or sweating. It's triggered by an unknown or uncertain danger.

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Fear or Dread

An emotion triggered by a specific, identified object or situation. It's the fear associated with clear danger.

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Irritability

Easily getting angry or upset. This involves a strong tendency to react poorly to provocation, even if the trigger isn't directly related to the person's behavior.

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Anger

A feeling of displeasure, ranging from mild annoyance to intense fury. It often stems from a sense of unfairness or frustration.

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Restricted Affect

A reduction in the intensity and range of emotional expression. It's like a dimmer switch for emotions.

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Blunted Affect

A severe reduction in emotional expression, often caused by medication or substance use.

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Affective Lability

Rapid and unpredictable shifts in emotional expression, going from intense joy to sadness in a short time.

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Course of thought

It refers to the dynamics of the associations used during thinking.

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Verbal Stereotypy

Persistent and uniform repetition of a word or phrase, involuntary and unrelated to speech.

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Verbigeration

Repetitive use of the same words or phrases without meaning, interspersed within speech.

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Taquipsiquia

It consists of a stream of thoughts that are faster than usual, often associated with rapid speech (taquilalia).

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Logorrhea

Increase in associative speed and word production, characterized by rapid and abundant speech. The train of thought is usually not lost.

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Logoclonia

Spasmodic repetition of syllables in the middle or at the end of words during pronunciation.

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Bradipsiquia

Decrease in the speed of association of ideas, not necessarily associated with a decrease in the production of ideas. It is often linked to slower speech (bradilalia).

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Echolalia

Unintentional repetition of the last words spoken by another person, with the same intonation.

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Circumstantiality

Use of unnecessary details and detours before getting to the point.

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Blocking or interruption

Interruption of the flow of thoughts without reaching an objective or being able to communicate thoughts effectively.

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Laconicism

Reduction of verbal communication to only the essential words needed to answer questions and express ideas.

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Flight of Ideas

Accelerated thinking that outpaces verbal expression, resulting in fragmented and incomplete ideas.

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Interpenetration

Two or more topics appear simultaneously in the stream of thought, making expression unclear.

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Concrete thinking

Inability to generate and associate general concepts about specific phenomena and categorize them. It significantly reduces deductive, inductive, and analogical reasoning.

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Overinclusion

Associations are formed with environmental stimuli, disrupting the flow of thought.

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Perseveration

Repetitive and persistent expression of an idea with slight variations in the words used.

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Tangentiality

When a person's answers are related to the topic, but they don't answer directly or adequately. This can occur in spontaneous speech, not just in response to questions.

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Irrelevance

Using responses completely unrelated to the question being asked.

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Parareponses

These are inexact, absurd, and incorrect answers given deliberately. They can feel like a mockery of the person asking the question.

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Delusional Ideas

False beliefs that are not organized or consistent. These beliefs are based on a distorted view of reality and can't be changed by logic or evidence.

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Delirium

A group of interconnected delusional ideas that are organized and consistent. They might make the interviewer question their own reality.

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Hypochondriacal Delusions

Delusions that focus on the patient's health, body, or organs. They are convinced they are ill, even when evidence suggests otherwise.

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Referential Delusions

A type of delusion where the patient believes that events in their environment, especially actions of other people, are directed at them. They mistakenly believe others are trying to get a message across to them.

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Persecutory Delusions

The patient believes someone is trying to harm them, attack them, deceive them, or even kill them. They feel persecuted and threatened.

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Study Notes

Psychiatric Semiology Definitions

  • This document compiles key definitions in psychiatric semiology, arranged by examination areas.
  • The aim is to standardize terminology for specialists and students of the Military Central Hospital, enabling precise use of each definition.
  • Semiology is not always as precise as believed; one term can have multiple interpretations depending on the school of thought.
  • The document provides exact transcriptions from cited textbooks, listed in the bibliography.

Mental Examination- Appearance/Attitude

  • Initial Assessment: Evaluates the patient's general presentation and demeanor during the examination
  • Includes:
    • Entering alone or accompanied
    • Entering voluntarily or by compulsion
    • Gait description (e.g., fast, slow, unsteady)
    • Other motor abnormalities detailed later
    • Ethnicity, height, build, apparent age, significant physical attributes
    • Eye contact with the interviewer
    • Hygiene and clothing choices
    • Posture (standing, seated, lying down)
    • Constant body position changes
    • Vocal volume
    • Facial expressions (face)
    • Degree of cooperation during the exam
    • Interview demeanor (e.g., charming, timid, aggressive, flippant, suspicious, haughty, submissive, friendly, attentive, detached, complaining, childish, demanding, hostile, inhibited, with strangeness, intrusive, childish, etc.)
    • Impact on the interviewer (e.g., sympathy, compassion, pity, desire for help, indifference, rejection, fear, disgust)

Psychomotor Status

  • Observations: Focuses on movements and postures during the interview.
  • Quantitative Impairments (Increase):
    • Hyperkinesia (hyperactivity, restlessness): Increased speed and amount of movement without direction
    • Psychomotor agitation: Severe increase in motor activity, exceeding normal limits, with inner tension and impulsivity
    • Acatisia: Restlessness and inner tension, inability to remain still
  • Quantitative Impairments (Decrease):
    • Psychomotor retardation: Reduced speed and amount of movement
    • Stupor: Complete immobility with minimal reaction to external stimuli (even painful)
    • Catatonia: Prolonged immobility with hypertonia, mannerisms, stereotypes, negativism, and suggestibility
  • Qualitative Impairments (Tone):
    • Rigidity/spasticity: Involuntary muscle tension hindering normal activities
    • Flaccidity: Decreased or lost muscle tone
  • Qualitative Impairments (Posture):
    • Stereotypical posture: Repetition of fixed postures that are not typical for normal people
    • Waxy flexibility: Maintenance of unusual or forced postures, imposed by the examiner
  • Qualitative Impairments (Movement):
    • Non-adaptive movements: Habitual, purposeless motor actions, rising frequently in anxious conditions
    • Tics: Repeated, involuntary muscle contractions in small muscle groups
    • Tremors: Rhythmic, oscillatory movements of affected muscle groups, typically fine or coarse
    • Stereotypies: Repeated and uniform purposeless actions, such as repetitive head jerking, or finger tapping
    • Mannerismos: exaggerated gestures and movements that appear artificial and unspontaneous
    • Seizures (Convulsions): Involuntary, sudden, and violent muscle contractions

Affect

  • Description: External expression of mood and emotions through facial expressions, body language, and verbal communication.
  • Mood: Predominant and sustained emotional state, longer in duration compared to emotions
  • Euthymic: Normal or balanced emotional state
  • Inappropriate Affect: Gross incongruence between expressed emotion and reported feelings
  • Emotional Modulation:
    • Appropriateness, intensity
    • Appropriateness: Match between emotional expression and the situation
    • Intensity: Appropriateness of emotional response in the context
  • Emotional Depth:
    • Flat: Minimal emotional response
    • Blunted: Reduced emotional responses
  • Emotional Range:
    • Narrow: Limited range of emotional expression
    • Broad: Varied range of emotional expression

Thought Content

  • Logical Thinking: Follows the basic principles of formal logic
  • Paralogical Thinking: Inappropriate or distorted interpretations of events by considering similarities
  • Illogical Thinking: Violates principles of logical thinking

Thought Process

  • Speed:
    • Tachypsychia: Rapid and accelerated thought flow
    • Bradypsychia: Slowed thought flow
  • Association:
    • Circumstantiality: Tangential thinking that eventually reaches the actual point, but with unnecessary detail
    • Blocking: Interruption of thought or speech
    • Flight of ideas: Rapidly shifting between unrelated ideas, often disorganized
    • Perseveration: Persistent repetition of ideas or phrases.
  • Thought Content:
    • Delusions: Fixed, false beliefs not shared by others
    • Obsessions: Recurrent, unwanted thoughts, impulses, or images that cause significant distress

Sensori-perceptual

  • Illusions: Misinterpretations of sensory stimuli
  • Hallucinations: Sensory experiences without external stimuli
    • Auditory: Hearing voices, noises, or other sounds
    • Visual: Seeing images, figures, or objects not physically present
    • Tactile: Feeling sensations not caused by external stimuli.

Consciousness

  • States of Consciousness:
    • Alert: Full awareness and responsiveness
    • Drowsiness/Somnolence: Tendency to sleepiness
    • Confusion/Obnubilation: Reduced awareness and disorientation
    • Stupor: Markedly reduced awareness
    • Coma: Complete loss of consciousness
  • Orientation: Ability to recognize their environment in time and space, and themselves and other people

Attention, Memory, and Intelligence

  • Attention: Focusing on a stimulus, crucial for other cognitive functions
  • Types of attention:
    • Centrated: Maintains focus on relevant stimuli
    • Distractibility: Inability to maintain focus
  • Memory: Encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
    • Working memory: Temporary storage of information -Forms of Memory (function) in detail:
    • Short-term memory: Temporary storage
    • Long term memory: Permanent storage -Memory impairments (type): – Amnesia: Complete or partial loss of memory
  • Intelligence: Ability to understand complex concepts.
  • Possible problems, or deficits in intellectual capacity/function, that occur in dementia

Insight and Judgement

  • Insight: Capacity to perceive and reflect on own mental state
  • Judgement: Ability to form realistic interpretations and make sound decisions

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