Movement Disorders and Psychological States

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Questions and Answers

What is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions resulting in abnormal postures?

Dystonia (correct)

Choreiform movements

Convulsions

Automated obedience

Which type of movement disorder involves a series of disruptive, rapid, and abrupt muscle contractions?

Choreiform movements (correct)

Mannerisms

Ecopraxia

Hypomimia

What defines the phenomenon where a patient performs actions based solely on the commands given, without considering the outcome?

Hypomimia

Automated obedience (correct)

Negativism

Motor attitude

Which term describes the imitation of gestures from other individuals?

Ecopraxia Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement disorder is characterized by rhythmic muscle contractions?

Convulsions Signup and view all the answers

What best describes hypomimia?

Diminished facial expressions Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe the active opposition to given orders in a patient?

Negativism Signup and view all the answers

What classification of movements involves exaggerated, strange gestures that lack authenticity?

Mannerisms Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a psychological state characterized by dissatisfaction and discomfort, often seen as a blend of sadness and irritability?

Dysphoria Signup and view all the answers

What emotional state is primarily triggered by the expectation of a clearly identified danger?

Fear or Dread Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a condition of emotional expression characterized by a decrease in range and intensity?

Restricted Affect Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when a patient's emotions substantially influence the emotional state of an interviewer?

Affective Resonance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of affect refers to an absence of emotional modulation, often resulting in disinterest in one's environment?

Flat Affect Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the simultaneous presence of opposing emotions towards the same person or situation?

Affective Ambivalence Signup and view all the answers

In which situation would a person show responses disproportionate to triggers, often reacting with anger?

Irritability Signup and view all the answers

What describes an emotional experience marked by intense fluctuations in emotional expression?

Affect Lability Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the persistent and uniform repetition of a word or phrase?

Verbal Stereotypy Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes flight of ideas in communication?

Accelerated thinking outpacing verbal expression Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the use of invented words that do not exist in the language?

Neologisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of logoclonia?

Spasmodic syllable repetition Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the absence of associative links between ideas?

Incoherence Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by metalallia?

Repetition of the last word spoken by another person Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon involves the systematic use of neologisms creating a pseudo-language?

Glossolalia Signup and view all the answers

What does circumstantiality refer to in conversation?

Irrelevant details preceding the main idea Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the phenomenon of taquippsiquia?

Stream of thoughts that are faster than usual Signup and view all the answers

What does logorrea mainly refer to in terms of thought production?

Rapid and abundant speech Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder reflects a decrease in speed of associative thoughts without affecting the quantity of speech?

Bradipsiquia Signup and view all the answers

What does concrete thinking indicate in the context of mental associations?

Reduction in deductive reasoning and associations Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of perseveration in thought processes?

Repetitive expression of an idea with slight variations Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate description of blocking or interruption in thought?

Inability to communicate thoughts effectively Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the cognitive condition known as bradilalia?

Significant slowdown in speech Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between taquilalia and taquipsiquia?

Taquilalia is the faster speech associated with taquipsiquia Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes tangentiality in verbal responses?

Answers related to the question but not precise. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of idea involves a consistent, distorted belief that is shared within the patient's group?

Delirium Signup and view all the answers

Which type of delusion is characterized by the belief that one is being spied on or tormented?

Persecutory Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pararesponses' refer to in verbal communication?

Deliberately absurd and incorrect answers. Signup and view all the answers

Which category of ideas pertains specifically to the patient's beliefs about their health?

Hypochondriacal ideas Signup and view all the answers

Which type of delusion involves attributing control over one’s thoughts to external forces?

Influence Signup and view all the answers

What type of delusional belief might involve interpreting ordinary events as personal messages?

Referential Signup and view all the answers

Which verbal response style is often characterized by a lack of relevance to the question posed?

Irrelevance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes motor block?

Sudden interruption of a movement with variable ability to act later. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between compulsion and impulson?

Compulsion is initiated by anxiety, while impulson is not. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the external expression of mood through various forms of communication?

Affect Signup and view all the answers

How is motor ambivalence best described?

Conflicting impulses that result in indecisive actions. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes mood from emotion?

Emotion fluctuates more than a steady mood. Signup and view all the answers

What does euthymia signify in a person's emotional state?

A normal and desirable mood state with serene experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the meaning of emotions?

They correspond to intense and fleeting variations in mood. Signup and view all the answers

What is paralysis mainly defined as?

A complete inability to perform voluntary movements. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychiatric Semiology Definitions

This document compiles key definitions in psychiatric semiology, arranged by examination areas.
The aim is to standardize terminology for specialists and students of the Military Central Hospital, enabling precise use of each definition.
Semiology is not always as precise as believed; one term can have multiple interpretations depending on the school of thought.
The document provides exact transcriptions from cited textbooks, listed in the bibliography.

Mental Examination- Appearance/Attitude

Initial Assessment: Evaluates the patient's general presentation and demeanor during the examination
Includes:
- Entering alone or accompanied
- Entering voluntarily or by compulsion
- Gait description (e.g., fast, slow, unsteady)
- Other motor abnormalities detailed later
- Ethnicity, height, build, apparent age, significant physical attributes
- Eye contact with the interviewer
- Hygiene and clothing choices
- Posture (standing, seated, lying down)
- Constant body position changes
- Vocal volume
- Facial expressions (face)
- Degree of cooperation during the exam
- Interview demeanor (e.g., charming, timid, aggressive, flippant, suspicious, haughty, submissive, friendly, attentive, detached, complaining, childish, demanding, hostile, inhibited, with strangeness, intrusive, childish, etc.)
- Impact on the interviewer (e.g., sympathy, compassion, pity, desire for help, indifference, rejection, fear, disgust)

Psychomotor Status

Observations: Focuses on movements and postures during the interview.
Quantitative Impairments (Increase):
- Hyperkinesia (hyperactivity, restlessness): Increased speed and amount of movement without direction
- Psychomotor agitation: Severe increase in motor activity, exceeding normal limits, with inner tension and impulsivity
- Acatisia: Restlessness and inner tension, inability to remain still
Quantitative Impairments (Decrease):
- Psychomotor retardation: Reduced speed and amount of movement
- Stupor: Complete immobility with minimal reaction to external stimuli (even painful)
- Catatonia: Prolonged immobility with hypertonia, mannerisms, stereotypes, negativism, and suggestibility
Qualitative Impairments (Tone):
- Rigidity/spasticity: Involuntary muscle tension hindering normal activities
- Flaccidity: Decreased or lost muscle tone
Qualitative Impairments (Posture):
- Stereotypical posture: Repetition of fixed postures that are not typical for normal people
- Waxy flexibility: Maintenance of unusual or forced postures, imposed by the examiner
Qualitative Impairments (Movement):
- Non-adaptive movements: Habitual, purposeless motor actions, rising frequently in anxious conditions
- Tics: Repeated, involuntary muscle contractions in small muscle groups
- Tremors: Rhythmic, oscillatory movements of affected muscle groups, typically fine or coarse
- Stereotypies: Repeated and uniform purposeless actions, such as repetitive head jerking, or finger tapping
- Mannerismos: exaggerated gestures and movements that appear artificial and unspontaneous
- Seizures (Convulsions): Involuntary, sudden, and violent muscle contractions

Affect

Description: External expression of mood and emotions through facial expressions, body language, and verbal communication.
Mood: Predominant and sustained emotional state, longer in duration compared to emotions
Euthymic: Normal or balanced emotional state
Inappropriate Affect: Gross incongruence between expressed emotion and reported feelings
Emotional Modulation:
- Appropriateness, intensity
- Appropriateness: Match between emotional expression and the situation
- Intensity: Appropriateness of emotional response in the context
Emotional Depth:
- Flat: Minimal emotional response
- Blunted: Reduced emotional responses
Emotional Range:
- Narrow: Limited range of emotional expression
- Broad: Varied range of emotional expression

Thought Content

Logical Thinking: Follows the basic principles of formal logic
Paralogical Thinking: Inappropriate or distorted interpretations of events by considering similarities
Illogical Thinking: Violates principles of logical thinking

Thought Process

Speed:
- Tachypsychia: Rapid and accelerated thought flow
- Bradypsychia: Slowed thought flow
Association:
- Circumstantiality: Tangential thinking that eventually reaches the actual point, but with unnecessary detail
- Blocking: Interruption of thought or speech
- Flight of ideas: Rapidly shifting between unrelated ideas, often disorganized
- Perseveration: Persistent repetition of ideas or phrases.
Thought Content:
- Delusions: Fixed, false beliefs not shared by others
- Obsessions: Recurrent, unwanted thoughts, impulses, or images that cause significant distress

Sensori-perceptual

Illusions: Misinterpretations of sensory stimuli
Hallucinations: Sensory experiences without external stimuli
- Auditory: Hearing voices, noises, or other sounds
- Visual: Seeing images, figures, or objects not physically present
- Tactile: Feeling sensations not caused by external stimuli.

Consciousness

States of Consciousness:
- Alert: Full awareness and responsiveness
- Drowsiness/Somnolence: Tendency to sleepiness
- Confusion/Obnubilation: Reduced awareness and disorientation
- Stupor: Markedly reduced awareness
- Coma: Complete loss of consciousness
Orientation: Ability to recognize their environment in time and space, and themselves and other people

Attention, Memory, and Intelligence

Attention: Focusing on a stimulus, crucial for other cognitive functions
Types of attention:
- Centrated: Maintains focus on relevant stimuli
- Distractibility: Inability to maintain focus
Memory: Encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
- Working memory: Temporary storage of information -Forms of Memory (function) in detail:
- Short-term memory: Temporary storage
- Long term memory: Permanent storage -Memory impairments (type): – Amnesia: Complete or partial loss of memory
Intelligence: Ability to understand complex concepts.
Possible problems, or deficits in intellectual capacity/function, that occur in dementia

Insight and Judgement

Insight: Capacity to perceive and reflect on own mental state
Judgement: Ability to form realistic interpretations and make sound decisions

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Description

This quiz explores various movement disorders and psychological phenomena, including involuntary muscle contractions and emotional states. With questions covering definitions and characteristics, it aims to deepen your understanding of these topics within neurology and psychology.