Motor Learning Week 11 Review
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Which component is NOT considered essential for creativity in sports and games?

  • Consistency (correct)
  • Efficacy
  • Originality
  • Willingness to explore

    • In motor learning, what is the primary focus of Gentile's 2-stage model?

  • The learning process and instructional strategies (correct)
  • Identifying characteristics of high-level performers
  • Evaluating postural control during skill execution
  • Description of performance across various stages

    • Which stage in Fitts and Posner's model focuses on developing and refining the movement pattern?

  • Transitional stage
  • Associative stage (correct)
  • Autonomous stage
  • Cognitive stage

    • Which of the following characteristics is most likely to distinguish high-level performers from less accomplished ones?

    <p>Ability to maintain composure under pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of subconscious control in postural control during movement?

    <p>It combines both learned and instinctual aspects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the exploration of movements through trial and error significant in physical learning?

    <p>It fosters creativity and skill mastery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options best describes a characteristic of the cognitive stage in Fitts and Posner's learning model?

    <p>Initial understanding of the basic mechanics of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of the psychological refractory period (PRP) in information processing?

    <p>The brain's inability to process information in parallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes serial processing in information processing?

    <p>It can slow down and degrade information processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Double Stimulation Paradigm, what does stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) refer to?

    <p>The time interval between the onset of the two stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the information processing cycle involves interpreting sensory input?

    <p>Perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation does the central nervous system face during information processing?

    <p>It cannot manage all information inputs simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the cognitive stage of learning?

    <p>High variability with many and large errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the associative stage of learning?

    <p>Learners exhibit fewer and smaller errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do learners demonstrate improved performance in the autonomic stage?

    <p>Movement becomes more consistent and automatic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might lead to effective skill refinement during the associative stage?

    <p>Ability to detect and correct errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a focus of the cognitive stage of learning?

    <p>Achieving automaticity in performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is crucial for learners in the cognitive stage to improve?

    <p>Diverse practice opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does not accurately represent the challenges faced in the cognitive stage?

    <p>Gradual increase in task efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can effective sequencing impact motor performance in learners?

    <p>It leads to improvements in velocity and accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception might arise regarding stages of learning?

    <p>Stages sequentially align with skill proficiency levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in the knowledge structure of learners as they progress from novice to expert?

    <p>Improved ability to detect and prioritize relevant information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference in muscle activation between novice and expert rowers?

    <p>Experts require the same work but have less muscle activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do expert players' visual search patterns differ from those of novice players?

    <p>They employ more efficient patterns that enhance cue prioritization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the movement patterns of novice rowers?

    <p>They tend to perform stiff and jerky movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the method expert boxers use to achieve their goals?

    <p>They emphasize defensive moves, relying on their knowledge base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of coordination improves as learners gain experience?

    <p>A decrease in unnecessary movements leads to smoother actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonly held belief about learning styles among educators?

    <p>Teaching to a single style enhances learning outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do experienced players have in recognizing patterns during gameplay?

    <p>They are better equipped to anticipate future actions based on game circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a general characteristic of expert performers in sports like soccer?

    <p>They tend to be unpredictable in their movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended approach for effective learning?

    <p>Using varied methods of information application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does improved knowledge structure have on a learner's decision-making speed?

    <p>Learners process information more quickly and make decisions more appropriately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motor learning aspect is linked to better whole-body coordination?

    <p>Enhanced control over body and limb segments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to muscle activation as learners progress in their skills?

    <p>Less muscle activation results in smoother movements and better efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which visual tracking method is utilized to enhance skill performance?

    <p>Visual gaze tracking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of multiple resource theory in information processing imply?

    <p>Different types of resources can be utilized concurrently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the changes in how goals are achieved as learners improve?

    <p>Goal achievement is influenced by the learner's knowledge base and accumulated skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does learning influence interpersonal coordination in competitive sports?

    <p>It enhances the ability to anticipate teammates’ actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the mechanical degrees of freedom in expert rowers?

    <p>Releasing degrees of freedom allows experts to move more fluidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a misconception regarding the effectiveness of various teaching methods?

    <p>A single teaching method can lead to optimal learning for all students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of stability with their definitions:

    <p>Whole-body stability = Maintaining balance through the center of mass (COM) within the base of support (BoS) Segmental stability = Stability in specific body parts to support overall movement Joint stability = The structural integrity of joints Postural sway = Natural movement of the body to maintain balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match Fitts and Posner's stages of learning with their characteristics:

    <p>Cognitive Stage = Initial phase focused on understanding the task Associative Stage = Skills are refined and errors decrease Autonomous Stage = Actions are automatic and require minimal cognitive effort Gentile’s Model = Focuses on learning processes and instructional strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of creativity in sports with their descriptions:

    <p>Originality = Generating new and unique movements Versatility = Performing non-standard variations of movements Efficacy = Executing effective movements consistently Exploration = Encourages free expression to master skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the aspects of knowledge and expertise with their definitions:

    <p>Knowledge Structure = Experts process information faster and anticipate actions Coordination = Improved intermuscular and intramuscular coordination Adaptability = Modifying goal achievement strategies depending on context Visual Search Patterns = Focusing on relevant cues during performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of control strategies for maintaining posture:

    <p>Fixed Point Strategies = Using ankle or hip adjustments Change-in-Support Strategies = Taking steps or grabbing objects Proactive Control = Anticipating changes in balance Reactive Control = Responding to unexpected disruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the learning stage characteristics with Fitts and Posner's model:

    <p>Cognitive Stage = Characterized by high errors and variability Associative Stage = Learners can detect and correct errors Autonomous Stage = Performance is adaptable to new contexts Gentile’s Model = Focuses on instructional strategies during stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the principles of Multiple Resource Theory with their descriptions:

    <p>CNS Processing = Processes internal and external sensory information Psychological Refractory Period = Limits to processing multiple tasks simultaneously Low Interaction Tasks = Minimal interference during task execution Task Overlap = Leads to declines in performance during dual tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of motor coordination improvements with the descriptions:

    <p>Intermuscular Coordination = Coordination between different muscle groups Intramuscular Coordination = Coordination within a single muscle group Smoothness = Movements becoming more energy-efficient Adaptability in Goals = Changing strategies based on context needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of postural control with their specific functions:

    <p>Stability = Ability to maintain or return to a position despite disturbances Proactive Control = Controls balance by anticipating shifts Joint Stability = Maintains structural integrity of joints Postural Sway = Indicates potential dysfunction when excessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of memory with their definitions:

    <p>Explicit Memory = Knowledge of events and facts Implicit Memory = Procedural and motor skills Episodic Memory = Memories of personal experiences Semantic Memory = Knowledge of facts and concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the retention strategies with their effects:

    <p>Pre-shot routines = Reduce anxiety and enhance focus Minimizing inactivity = Combat warmup decrement Repetition of skills = Aid in memory retention Mental imagery = Prepare for performance execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of attention with their characteristics:

    <p>Internal Focus = Concentration on the movement itself External Focus = Concentration on effects of movement Broad Attention = Ability to process multiple stimuli Narrow Attention = Focus on a single or limited range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of practice with their descriptions:

    <p>Blocked Practice = Repeatedly practicing the same task Random Practice = Mixing different skills during practice Deliberate Practice = Intensive practice with feedback Massed Practice = Long practice sessions with few breaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of feedback with their definitions:

    <p>Knowledge of Results (KR) = Feedback on the outcome of the action Knowledge of Performance (KP) = Feedback on the quality of movement Bandwidth Feedback = Feedback given only on significant errors Ecological Feedback = Feedback from the environment affecting performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the concepts of the Double Stimulation Paradigm to their effects:

    <p>Psychological Refractory Period = Delay in response due to conflicting stimuli Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) = Time gap between two stimuli Dual Task Interference = Decreased performance when multitasking Reaction Time = Time taken to respond to a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of attention with their implications on learning:

    <p>External focus = Enhancing motor learning and performance Internal focus = May hinder performance Broad focus = Useful in complex environments Narrow focus = Necessary in specific tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of practice to their effectiveness:

    <p>Blocked Practice = Effective for initial skill acquisition Random Practice = Best for retention and adaptability Variable Practice = Enhances skill transferability Contextual Interference = Increases learning complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of learning in Fitts and Posner's model with their attributes:

    <p>Cognitive Stage = Understanding basic mechanics Associative Stage = Refining skills and reducing errors Autonomous Stage = Executing skills with minimal conscious effort Feedback Stage = Receiving information for performance enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of stability in postural control with their examples:

    <p>Whole-body Stability = Maintaining balance during gymnastics Segmental Stability = Stabilizing during a handstand Reactive Control = Adjusting ankle angles when wobbling Proactive Control = Anticipating stability needs during movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the principles of the Double Stimulation Paradigm with their implications:

    <p>Delayed Reaction Time = Slower response to the second stimulus Parallel Processing = Simultaneous processing of two stimuli Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) = Interference due to overlapping processing Sequential Processing = Processing one stimulus after another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the concepts related to creativity in sports with their definitions:

    <p>Improvisation = Spontaneous and adaptive performance Experimentation = Trying new techniques until successful Innovation = Creating new movement sequences Flexibility = Adapting skills to changing situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the aspects of visual search patterns with their descriptions:

    <p>Novice Players = Focus primarily on the ball Expert Players = Scan the field for opportunities Field Awareness = Understanding types of opponent positioning Decision Speed = Quicker decisions based on visual cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of learning stages with their characteristics:

    <p>Cognitive Stage = High errors and variability Associative Stage = Performance becomes consistent Autonomous Stage = Minimal cognitive effort required Gentile's Model = Process of learning and instructional strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the strategies for maintaining posture with their descriptions:

    <p>Fixed Point Strategies = Using joint adjustments like ankle or hip Change-in-Support Strategies = Stepping or grabbing to regain balance Proactive Control = Anticipating balance changes Reactive Control = Responding to unexpected disruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of stability with their definitions:

    <p>Whole-body stability = Maintaining balance via center of mass Segmental stability = Stability in specific body parts Joint stability = Structural integrity of joints Postural sway = Natural movement for balance maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of creativity in learning with their descriptions:

    <p>Originality = Generating new and unique movements Versatility = Performing variations of movements Efficacy = Executing effective movements consistently Exploration = Encouraging free expression in skill mastery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the knowledge and expertise categories with their characteristics:

    <p>Knowledge Structure = Process information faster and efficiently Coordination = Improved intermuscular and intramuscular coordination Adaptability = Modifying strategies based on context Visual Search Patterns = Focus on relevant cues effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the characteristics of information processing with their descriptions:

    <p>Central Nervous System = Processes internal and external sensory information Psychological Refractory Period = Limits to processing simultaneous tasks Low Interaction Tasks = Minimal interference during multi-tasking Task Overlap = Challenges during simultaneous tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of Fitts and Posner’s Model with their focus:

    <p>Cognitive Stage = Understanding the task Associative Stage = Refining skills and correcting errors Autonomous Stage = Automatic actions adaptable to contexts Gentile's Model = Focus on learning processes and strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of control in postural strategies with their characteristics:

    <p>Fixed Point Control = Maintaining a stable position Dynamic Control = Adjusting to moving disturbances Static Control = Achieving balance without movement Adaptive Control = Modifying control based on environmental changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the descriptions of creativity elements in sports with their names:

    <p>Originality = Innovative performance in sports Versatility = Adapting movements effectively Efficacy = Consistent execution of techniques Exploration = Freedom in skill practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of processing strategies in information theory with their definitions:

    <p>Single-task Processing = Focusing on one task without distraction Multi-task Processing = Handling multiple tasks simultaneously Efficient Processing = Quickly adapting to new information Adaptive Processing = Adjusting strategies based on experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duration information is typically retained in short-term memory?

    <p>20–60 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is associated with personal experiences and emotions?

    <p>Episodic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of movement tasks enhances memorability?

    <p>Key memorable positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the challenge point framework maximize learning?

    <p>By matching task difficulty to learner's capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes warm-up decrement in performance?

    <p>Loss of readiness or 'set'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tasks typically has better long-term retention?

    <p>Tracking tasks with a joystick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What practice characteristic promotes adaptability in skills?

    <p>Use of random practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of rehearsal on information in short-term memory?

    <p>It prolongs retention duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity of short-term memory?

    <p>7 ± 2 items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensory memory retains information for a maximum of 5 seconds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is characterized by subconscious skills like riding a bike?

    <p>Implicit Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ tasks are better retained over long periods and include activities like tracking with a joystick.

    <p>continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of memory with their descriptions:

    <p>Implicit Memory = Subconscious procedural memory for skills Explicit Memory = Conscious memory including facts and experiences Episodic Memory = Personal experiences and emotions Semantic Memory = Abstract knowledge or facts independent of context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy enhances memorability in learning physical skills?

    <p>Distinctive movement positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Warm-up decrement is related to long-term memory loss.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the state when task difficulty matches the learner's capacity during practice?

    <p>Challenge Point Framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using ____ practice introduces variability and promotes contextual interference.

    <p>random</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tasks typically show rapid forgetting if not rehearsed?

    <p>Discrete tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is specifically responsible for retaining information temporarily for about 20-60 seconds?

    <p>Short-Term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is considered most effective for enhancing memorability when learning motor skills?

    <p>Repetition of skill variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Challenge Point Framework in the context of motor learning?

    <p>Matching task difficulty with learner's current abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice characteristic is suggested to enhance retention of learned skills?

    <p>Random practice introducing variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of memory retention, which type of tasks typically exhibit better long-term retention?

    <p>Continuous tasks like tracking with a joystick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the warm-up decrement primarily associated with in performance contexts?

    <p>Temporary decline in readiness or set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is beneficial for minimizing warm-up decrements before engaging in a task?

    <p>Establishing consistent routines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor that makes continuous and rhythmic skills more resistant to forgetting?

    <p>Repetitive practice patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is least likely to support effective memory retention during skill acquisition?

    <p>Avoiding contextual variations in practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a strategy that enhances motor memory in tennis?

    <p>Using verbal cues like 'tuck your elbow' during practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of learning does a swimmer primarily focus on understanding the mechanics of strokes?

    <p>Cognitive Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of practice is exemplified by a golfer repeating wedge shots before a match?

    <p>Blocked Practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best characterizes the psychological refractory period (PRP) during basketball play?

    <p>Delay in executing a response due to processing previous stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does knowledge of performance (KP) provide to an athlete?

    <p>Insights into the mechanics of their technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following demonstrates the concept of retention in basketball?

    <p>A player practicing free throws consistently over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice method is promoted to enhance adaptability in sports performance?

    <p>Random practice with varying conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mistake of novice soccer players during gameplay?

    <p>Focusing mostly on the ball rather than field awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is associated with improving retention of discrete skills?

    <p>Utilizing brief but focused rehearsal sessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does creativity play in sports performance?

    <p>Enables players to improvise under pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason warm-up decrement occurs in individuals before engaging in a task?

    <p>Temporary decline in performance due to loss of readiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of attention enhances motor skill learning compared to focusing on internal cues?

    <p>External focus on the effects of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of information processing, which factor is essential for speeding up response choices during practice?

    <p>Enhanced anticipation of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios is most likely to increase the likelihood of choking during performance?

    <p>Focusing on the outcome rather than the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What model describes the relationship between arousal and performance, specifically noting optimal performance levels?

    <p>Inverted-U Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy is recommended for athletes experiencing anxiety to help focus during performance?

    <p>Narrowing attention despite needing to broaden focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is known to decline attention after a sustained period, as evidenced in WWII research on radar operators?

    <p>Challenging environmental conditions affecting concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception among new learners regarding feedback on performance?

    <p>Feedback should focus primarily on movement execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice strategy is most effective for enhancing retention and reducing skill loss over time in sports?

    <p>Employing varied practice conditions and interspersed practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environmental condition is likely to challenge attention and information processing in training?

    <p>Emotional and chaotic environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of moderate arousal on performance according to the Inverted-U Principle?

    <p>It optimizes performance, enhancing efficiency and effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a high-pressure situation, what is a recommended strategy to avoid choking?

    <p>Shifting focus to external environmental cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor enhances the ability to differentiate relevant stimuli during practice?

    <p>Anticipation through pattern recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Quiet Eye' technique involve?

    <p>A calm and focused visual gaze prior to movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome when a baseball pitcher focuses on a target during practice?

    <p>Improvement in execution and overall performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of a sensory set during practice?

    <p>Reacting quickly to external stimuli rather than internal sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does practice affect the psychological and physiological responses known as stress?

    <p>Effective practice can help manage and shape stress responses positively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tasks are better tolerated to higher levels of arousal?

    <p>Simple tasks that involve basic motor skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'over-focusing' imply in the context of choking?

    <p>Narrowing attention too much to minute details of execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of effective mental practice?

    <p>It combines visualization of strategies with actual movement preparation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Motor Learning - Week 11

    • In-class review (Nov 13): A class review on postural control; 53.6% of students answered correctly that anticipatory postural control governs opening a door while walking. Reflexive and autonomic responses are also parts of postural control. Postural control levels include reflexive, autonomic, voluntary, and anticipatory. The percentages of responses for each level were: Reflexive (3.6%), Autonomic (32.1%), Voluntary (10.7%), and Anticipatory (53.6%).

    • Today's learning objectives: Students will learn about the stages of movement, creativity, tactical skills, models of learning, and distinguish characteristics of high-level performers from other performers. They will also learn how to use learning stage models to direct future training/practice goals, and the concept of multiple resource theory.

    • Creativity in motor learning: Originality, versatility, efficacy, and willingness to explore all enable creativity. Creativity develops through free expression and exploration alongside skill mastery. Creativity is more than just knowing one correct way. A real-world example provided was LaMello's coaches not penalizing him for trying new things; a real-world example is also provided on how coaches adapt to a learner's approach.

    • Stages of Learning: The different processes through which motor skills develop and become more refined. Fitts and Posner’s three-stage model describes the development of performance from cognitive to associative and finally to autonomous. Gentile’s two-stage model focuses on the learning process and instruction while explaining changes to skills over time. Cognitive stage (verbal-cognitive) is dominated by cognitive factors. The learner is in the cognitive stage when they are primarily focused on developing an understanding of the basic movements and principles of the skill. Many errors and large variations of errors are common during this stage. The associative stage begins when the learner can detect and correct some errors and start making associations between actions and outcomes. Less variation occurs in performance at this stage. Finally, the autonomous stage involves decreased attention demand and a consistent, efficient performance, with correct errors. The learner is primarily focused on performance efficiency and few errors. Examples given for this stage were throwing a ball, executing a bicycle or executing a rhythmic gymnastics routine. This is also related to different contexts in sport. Examples of how to grip a ball and how the overarm action and sequencing are important are also included, and how proficiency evolves through practice.

    • Information processing and Multiple Resource Theory: The central nervous system (CNS) processes information, including internal and external sensory input. Information is stored as memories, plans, and processes and is identified, interpreted, filtered and acted upon to create appropriate movement. The CNS cannot process all information at the same time; a bottleneck occurs when too much information needs to be processed, requiring a psychological refractory period (PRP). Sensory processing & buffer, perception, emotions, memory decisions, and other mental activities play critical roles in information processing. The process of information processing is critical for effective motor learning.

    • Serial processing: Slows down processing and degrades processing. The performance of one task is impacted by how similar it is to another. Serial processing in the Double Stimulation Paradigm demonstrates how the processing of one task is slowed by the need to process another task. This process is exemplified through reaction time (RT2) as a function of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA).

    • Double stimulation paradigm: Researchers measure reaction times for tasks where two stimuli require a response by different parts of the body. The paradigm examines how a response to a later stimulus is affected by the time lapse, or separation, between the two stimuli. Longer reaction times are often observed for the second task due to the delay caused by the first task. Reaction time is measured in milliseconds. Researchers are interested in reaction time (RT2) as a function of the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). An example provided was a tone that the subject uses to lift their right hand, and in the same time period, a light triggers the subject to lift their left hand. The timing between stimuli is important in this paradigm.

    • Information processing in sports: In sports, stimulus 1 (e.g., a head fake or a trick) and stimulus 2 (e.g., a movement in the opposite direction) are used to manipulate information processing. This involves a bottleneck to process the first response before the processor can proceed to the next task.

    • Multiple Resource Theory: The theory suggests the CNS is limited but flexible in its processing capabilities. Processing resources affected by arousal, fatigue, motivation, and health. Three dimensions of resources are important in this theory: Different types of processing can overlap; these are cognitive, perceptions, and responding - with various modalities or sensory inputs (visual, auditory, proprioception). Tasks can overlap, for example, in sport activities.

    • Learning styles and learning styles myth: The idea that learners are categorized as visual, auditory, read/write, or kinesthetic is a myth. People benefit from a variety of learning methods, and there are different modalities of sensory inputs, as seen in the multiple resource theory.

    • What makes someone an expert? The knowledge structure, understanding how the goal of a skill is achieved, and improved movement efficiency are all factors of an expert. An expert exhibits a more efficient patterned visual search, spending more time on important cues. They also have a better knowledge structure that, when coupled with more efficient processing, allows decisions to be faster and more appropriate. Experts optimize the use of information processing resources in this way, enabling more skilled performance.

    • Better coordination and movement efficiency: Intermuscular and intramuscular coordination, less muscle activation (smoother movements), and better whole-body coordination (prevent jerky movements) lead to more efficient movements, decreasing unnecessary movements and actions. Experts release mechanical degrees of freedom to control limbs differently, resulting in more precise movements and less variation in execution. This is exemplified by the control of different parts of the body during the execution of a skill.

    • Change in the goal of a skill: As learners improve, their goals and the ways they achieve those goals change, adapting to the specific situation and the new tasks and goals. Expert athletes, for example, might prioritize defensive moves over offensive ones in certain situations, as it is more suited for the given situation.

    • Additional Information: The presentation could be enhanced by adding more detailed discussions of different motor learning applications, relevant examples (case studies), and more visual aids. This would promote realistic and engaging learning experiences. Note, there are different types of information processes that should be better accounted for in the presentation materials.

    Types of Memory

    • Sensory Memory: Holds sensory information (visual, auditory, tactile) for less than 1 second. This allows initial processing to determine if information should move to short-term memory.

    • Short-Term Memory (Working Memory): Retains information temporarily (approximately 20–60 seconds). Its capacity is limited (7 ± 2 items). Rehearsal is necessary to prevent rapid forgetting.

    • Long-Term Memory: Potentially permanent storage for learned information, comprising implicit memory (subconscious, procedural) for motor skills and explicit memory (conscious), divided further into episodic (personal experiences) and semantic (facts/knowledge) components.

    Facilitating Memory

    • Movement Characteristics: Continuous, rhythmic skills are more resistant to forgetting than discrete skills. Distinctive movement positions or key moments enhance memorability.

    • Remembering Strategies: Repetition, meaningfulness, self-control, and mastery goals.

    • Practice Characteristics: Practice should mirror real-world or game situations (e.g., driving in traffic). Use random practice to increase adaptability. The challenge point framework maximizes learning by matching task difficulty to capacity.

    • Retention and Forgetting: Discrete tasks are prone to rapid forgetting. Retention tests after prolonged intervals may require more trials. Continuous tasks tend to exhibit better retention over time.

    Warm-Up Decrement

    • Definition: Temporary performance decline due to time away from a task; not directly related to memory loss, but to the loss of "set" or readiness.

    • Examples: Goalkeepers needing an easy shot, musicians needing a warm-up.

    • Minimization Strategies: Establishing pre-shot routines, using interspersed practice.

    Additional Examples (using sports)

    • (Examples from previous notes included, expanding on related themes.)*

    Sustained Attention

    • Definition: Ability to maintain focus on a task over a long period.
    • Research Example (WWII): Radar operators' attention declined significantly after prolonged monitoring.
    • Modern Applications: Security (X-ray scans), driving, lectures.

    Using Attention as an Instructional Technique

    • External Focus: Emphasizing the effects of movement leads to better learning.
    • Movement Initiation: Early stages require greater attention.
    • Highlighting Key Components: Instructors should emphasize important yet non-obvious elements.
    • Example: Baseball pitchers improving mechanics by focusing on external cues (targeting a spot, whip-like motion).

    How Practice Improves Information Processing and Attention

    • Effects of Practice: Anticipation narrows response choices, and better stimulus discrimination results.
    • Improvement Strategies: Utilize chaotic conditions to simulate game situations, adopt a sensory set (focus on stimuli), and implement mental practice for strategic planning.

    Information Processing, Stress, Arousal, and Anxiety

    • Definitions: Stress, arousal, anxiety explained.
    • Inverted-U Principle: Moderate arousal leads to optimal performance, while extremes detrimentally affect processing.
    • Factors: Task complexity, motor skill type (gross or fine), and individual arousal levels affect optimal performance.

    Attention, Arousal, and Choking

    • Choking: Failure to perform under pressure due to excessive arousal or anxiety.
    • Theories: Over-focusing on execution or worry leads to suboptimal performance.
    • Examples (in Sports): Specific scenarios from basketball or golf demonstrate the impact of attention breadth on performance.

    Intention and Performance

    • Intention's Role: Research has shown that force production patterns differ even when simulating effort, demonstrating the role of intention in performance.

    Practice types

    • Blocked practice
    • Random practice
    • Knowledge of results
    • Knowledge of performance

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    Related Documents

    Mount Royal University PHYL 4518 Motor Learning PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on key concepts presented in week 11 of the Motor Learning course. Students will explore postural control, stages of movement creativity, and the characteristics of high-level performers. Additionally, the quiz addresses tactical skills and models of learning to aid in future training objectives.

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