Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which component is NOT considered essential for creativity in sports and games?
Which component is NOT considered essential for creativity in sports and games?
- Consistency (correct)
- Efficacy
- Originality
- Willingness to explore
In motor learning, what is the primary focus of Gentile's 2-stage model?
In motor learning, what is the primary focus of Gentile's 2-stage model?
- The learning process and instructional strategies (correct)
- Identifying characteristics of high-level performers
- Evaluating postural control during skill execution
- Description of performance across various stages
Which stage in Fitts and Posner's model focuses on developing and refining the movement pattern?
Which stage in Fitts and Posner's model focuses on developing and refining the movement pattern?
- Transitional stage
- Associative stage (correct)
- Autonomous stage
- Cognitive stage
Which of the following characteristics is most likely to distinguish high-level performers from less accomplished ones?
Which of the following characteristics is most likely to distinguish high-level performers from less accomplished ones?
What is the role of subconscious control in postural control during movement?
What is the role of subconscious control in postural control during movement?
Why is the exploration of movements through trial and error significant in physical learning?
Why is the exploration of movements through trial and error significant in physical learning?
Which of these options best describes a characteristic of the cognitive stage in Fitts and Posner's learning model?
Which of these options best describes a characteristic of the cognitive stage in Fitts and Posner's learning model?
What is the main cause of the psychological refractory period (PRP) in information processing?
What is the main cause of the psychological refractory period (PRP) in information processing?
Which statement accurately describes serial processing in information processing?
Which statement accurately describes serial processing in information processing?
In the Double Stimulation Paradigm, what does stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) refer to?
In the Double Stimulation Paradigm, what does stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) refer to?
Which part of the information processing cycle involves interpreting sensory input?
Which part of the information processing cycle involves interpreting sensory input?
What limitation does the central nervous system face during information processing?
What limitation does the central nervous system face during information processing?
What characterizes the cognitive stage of learning?
What characterizes the cognitive stage of learning?
Which statement best describes the associative stage of learning?
Which statement best describes the associative stage of learning?
How do learners demonstrate improved performance in the autonomic stage?
How do learners demonstrate improved performance in the autonomic stage?
What might lead to effective skill refinement during the associative stage?
What might lead to effective skill refinement during the associative stage?
What is not a focus of the cognitive stage of learning?
What is not a focus of the cognitive stage of learning?
Which element is crucial for learners in the cognitive stage to improve?
Which element is crucial for learners in the cognitive stage to improve?
What does not accurately represent the challenges faced in the cognitive stage?
What does not accurately represent the challenges faced in the cognitive stage?
In what way can effective sequencing impact motor performance in learners?
In what way can effective sequencing impact motor performance in learners?
What misconception might arise regarding stages of learning?
What misconception might arise regarding stages of learning?
What change occurs in the knowledge structure of learners as they progress from novice to expert?
What change occurs in the knowledge structure of learners as they progress from novice to expert?
What is a key difference in muscle activation between novice and expert rowers?
What is a key difference in muscle activation between novice and expert rowers?
How do expert players' visual search patterns differ from those of novice players?
How do expert players' visual search patterns differ from those of novice players?
Which of the following best describes the movement patterns of novice rowers?
Which of the following best describes the movement patterns of novice rowers?
What characterizes the method expert boxers use to achieve their goals?
What characterizes the method expert boxers use to achieve their goals?
Which aspect of coordination improves as learners gain experience?
Which aspect of coordination improves as learners gain experience?
What is the commonly held belief about learning styles among educators?
What is the commonly held belief about learning styles among educators?
What advantage do experienced players have in recognizing patterns during gameplay?
What advantage do experienced players have in recognizing patterns during gameplay?
What is a general characteristic of expert performers in sports like soccer?
What is a general characteristic of expert performers in sports like soccer?
What is a recommended approach for effective learning?
What is a recommended approach for effective learning?
What effect does improved knowledge structure have on a learner's decision-making speed?
What effect does improved knowledge structure have on a learner's decision-making speed?
Which motor learning aspect is linked to better whole-body coordination?
Which motor learning aspect is linked to better whole-body coordination?
What happens to muscle activation as learners progress in their skills?
What happens to muscle activation as learners progress in their skills?
Which visual tracking method is utilized to enhance skill performance?
Which visual tracking method is utilized to enhance skill performance?
What does the concept of multiple resource theory in information processing imply?
What does the concept of multiple resource theory in information processing imply?
What defines the changes in how goals are achieved as learners improve?
What defines the changes in how goals are achieved as learners improve?
How does learning influence interpersonal coordination in competitive sports?
How does learning influence interpersonal coordination in competitive sports?
Which statement is true regarding the mechanical degrees of freedom in expert rowers?
Which statement is true regarding the mechanical degrees of freedom in expert rowers?
What is a misconception regarding the effectiveness of various teaching methods?
What is a misconception regarding the effectiveness of various teaching methods?
Match the following types of stability with their definitions:
Match the following types of stability with their definitions:
Match Fitts and Posner's stages of learning with their characteristics:
Match Fitts and Posner's stages of learning with their characteristics:
Match the components of creativity in sports with their descriptions:
Match the components of creativity in sports with their descriptions:
Match the aspects of knowledge and expertise with their definitions:
Match the aspects of knowledge and expertise with their definitions:
Match the types of control strategies for maintaining posture:
Match the types of control strategies for maintaining posture:
Match the learning stage characteristics with Fitts and Posner's model:
Match the learning stage characteristics with Fitts and Posner's model:
Match the principles of Multiple Resource Theory with their descriptions:
Match the principles of Multiple Resource Theory with their descriptions:
Match the types of motor coordination improvements with the descriptions:
Match the types of motor coordination improvements with the descriptions:
Match the components of postural control with their specific functions:
Match the components of postural control with their specific functions:
Match the types of memory with their definitions:
Match the types of memory with their definitions:
Match the retention strategies with their effects:
Match the retention strategies with their effects:
Match the types of attention with their characteristics:
Match the types of attention with their characteristics:
Match the types of practice with their descriptions:
Match the types of practice with their descriptions:
Match the types of feedback with their definitions:
Match the types of feedback with their definitions:
Match the concepts of the Double Stimulation Paradigm to their effects:
Match the concepts of the Double Stimulation Paradigm to their effects:
Match the types of attention with their implications on learning:
Match the types of attention with their implications on learning:
Match the types of practice to their effectiveness:
Match the types of practice to their effectiveness:
Match the stages of learning in Fitts and Posner's model with their attributes:
Match the stages of learning in Fitts and Posner's model with their attributes:
Match the types of stability in postural control with their examples:
Match the types of stability in postural control with their examples:
Match the principles of the Double Stimulation Paradigm with their implications:
Match the principles of the Double Stimulation Paradigm with their implications:
Match the concepts related to creativity in sports with their definitions:
Match the concepts related to creativity in sports with their definitions:
Match the aspects of visual search patterns with their descriptions:
Match the aspects of visual search patterns with their descriptions:
Match the types of learning stages with their characteristics:
Match the types of learning stages with their characteristics:
Match the strategies for maintaining posture with their descriptions:
Match the strategies for maintaining posture with their descriptions:
Match the types of stability with their definitions:
Match the types of stability with their definitions:
Match the components of creativity in learning with their descriptions:
Match the components of creativity in learning with their descriptions:
Match the knowledge and expertise categories with their characteristics:
Match the knowledge and expertise categories with their characteristics:
Match the characteristics of information processing with their descriptions:
Match the characteristics of information processing with their descriptions:
Match the stages of Fitts and Posner’s Model with their focus:
Match the stages of Fitts and Posner’s Model with their focus:
Match the types of control in postural strategies with their characteristics:
Match the types of control in postural strategies with their characteristics:
Match the descriptions of creativity elements in sports with their names:
Match the descriptions of creativity elements in sports with their names:
Match the types of processing strategies in information theory with their definitions:
Match the types of processing strategies in information theory with their definitions:
What is the maximum duration information is typically retained in short-term memory?
What is the maximum duration information is typically retained in short-term memory?
Which type of memory is associated with personal experiences and emotions?
Which type of memory is associated with personal experiences and emotions?
What characteristic of movement tasks enhances memorability?
What characteristic of movement tasks enhances memorability?
How does the challenge point framework maximize learning?
How does the challenge point framework maximize learning?
What primarily causes warm-up decrement in performance?
What primarily causes warm-up decrement in performance?
Which of the following tasks typically has better long-term retention?
Which of the following tasks typically has better long-term retention?
What practice characteristic promotes adaptability in skills?
What practice characteristic promotes adaptability in skills?
What is the effect of rehearsal on information in short-term memory?
What is the effect of rehearsal on information in short-term memory?
What is the capacity of short-term memory?
What is the capacity of short-term memory?
Sensory memory retains information for a maximum of 5 seconds.
Sensory memory retains information for a maximum of 5 seconds.
What type of memory is characterized by subconscious skills like riding a bike?
What type of memory is characterized by subconscious skills like riding a bike?
The ____ tasks are better retained over long periods and include activities like tracking with a joystick.
The ____ tasks are better retained over long periods and include activities like tracking with a joystick.
Match the following types of memory with their descriptions:
Match the following types of memory with their descriptions:
Which strategy enhances memorability in learning physical skills?
Which strategy enhances memorability in learning physical skills?
Warm-up decrement is related to long-term memory loss.
Warm-up decrement is related to long-term memory loss.
What term describes the state when task difficulty matches the learner's capacity during practice?
What term describes the state when task difficulty matches the learner's capacity during practice?
Using ____ practice introduces variability and promotes contextual interference.
Using ____ practice introduces variability and promotes contextual interference.
What type of tasks typically show rapid forgetting if not rehearsed?
What type of tasks typically show rapid forgetting if not rehearsed?
Which type of memory is specifically responsible for retaining information temporarily for about 20-60 seconds?
Which type of memory is specifically responsible for retaining information temporarily for about 20-60 seconds?
Which method is considered most effective for enhancing memorability when learning motor skills?
Which method is considered most effective for enhancing memorability when learning motor skills?
What is the primary focus of the Challenge Point Framework in the context of motor learning?
What is the primary focus of the Challenge Point Framework in the context of motor learning?
Which practice characteristic is suggested to enhance retention of learned skills?
Which practice characteristic is suggested to enhance retention of learned skills?
In terms of memory retention, which type of tasks typically exhibit better long-term retention?
In terms of memory retention, which type of tasks typically exhibit better long-term retention?
What is the warm-up decrement primarily associated with in performance contexts?
What is the warm-up decrement primarily associated with in performance contexts?
Which strategy is beneficial for minimizing warm-up decrements before engaging in a task?
Which strategy is beneficial for minimizing warm-up decrements before engaging in a task?
What is a common factor that makes continuous and rhythmic skills more resistant to forgetting?
What is a common factor that makes continuous and rhythmic skills more resistant to forgetting?
Which of the following strategies is least likely to support effective memory retention during skill acquisition?
Which of the following strategies is least likely to support effective memory retention during skill acquisition?
What is an example of a strategy that enhances motor memory in tennis?
What is an example of a strategy that enhances motor memory in tennis?
During which stage of learning does a swimmer primarily focus on understanding the mechanics of strokes?
During which stage of learning does a swimmer primarily focus on understanding the mechanics of strokes?
What type of practice is exemplified by a golfer repeating wedge shots before a match?
What type of practice is exemplified by a golfer repeating wedge shots before a match?
What best characterizes the psychological refractory period (PRP) during basketball play?
What best characterizes the psychological refractory period (PRP) during basketball play?
What does knowledge of performance (KP) provide to an athlete?
What does knowledge of performance (KP) provide to an athlete?
Which of the following demonstrates the concept of retention in basketball?
Which of the following demonstrates the concept of retention in basketball?
Which practice method is promoted to enhance adaptability in sports performance?
Which practice method is promoted to enhance adaptability in sports performance?
What is a common mistake of novice soccer players during gameplay?
What is a common mistake of novice soccer players during gameplay?
Which strategy is associated with improving retention of discrete skills?
Which strategy is associated with improving retention of discrete skills?
What role does creativity play in sports performance?
What role does creativity play in sports performance?
What is the primary reason warm-up decrement occurs in individuals before engaging in a task?
What is the primary reason warm-up decrement occurs in individuals before engaging in a task?
What kind of attention enhances motor skill learning compared to focusing on internal cues?
What kind of attention enhances motor skill learning compared to focusing on internal cues?
In the context of information processing, which factor is essential for speeding up response choices during practice?
In the context of information processing, which factor is essential for speeding up response choices during practice?
Which of the following scenarios is most likely to increase the likelihood of choking during performance?
Which of the following scenarios is most likely to increase the likelihood of choking during performance?
What model describes the relationship between arousal and performance, specifically noting optimal performance levels?
What model describes the relationship between arousal and performance, specifically noting optimal performance levels?
What strategy is recommended for athletes experiencing anxiety to help focus during performance?
What strategy is recommended for athletes experiencing anxiety to help focus during performance?
Which condition is known to decline attention after a sustained period, as evidenced in WWII research on radar operators?
Which condition is known to decline attention after a sustained period, as evidenced in WWII research on radar operators?
What is a common misconception among new learners regarding feedback on performance?
What is a common misconception among new learners regarding feedback on performance?
Which practice strategy is most effective for enhancing retention and reducing skill loss over time in sports?
Which practice strategy is most effective for enhancing retention and reducing skill loss over time in sports?
What type of environmental condition is likely to challenge attention and information processing in training?
What type of environmental condition is likely to challenge attention and information processing in training?
What is the impact of moderate arousal on performance according to the Inverted-U Principle?
What is the impact of moderate arousal on performance according to the Inverted-U Principle?
During a high-pressure situation, what is a recommended strategy to avoid choking?
During a high-pressure situation, what is a recommended strategy to avoid choking?
Which factor enhances the ability to differentiate relevant stimuli during practice?
Which factor enhances the ability to differentiate relevant stimuli during practice?
What does the 'Quiet Eye' technique involve?
What does the 'Quiet Eye' technique involve?
What is a common outcome when a baseball pitcher focuses on a target during practice?
What is a common outcome when a baseball pitcher focuses on a target during practice?
What is a primary focus of a sensory set during practice?
What is a primary focus of a sensory set during practice?
How does practice affect the psychological and physiological responses known as stress?
How does practice affect the psychological and physiological responses known as stress?
Which type of tasks are better tolerated to higher levels of arousal?
Which type of tasks are better tolerated to higher levels of arousal?
What does the term 'over-focusing' imply in the context of choking?
What does the term 'over-focusing' imply in the context of choking?
What is a key characteristic of effective mental practice?
What is a key characteristic of effective mental practice?
Flashcards
Levels of Postural Control
Levels of Postural Control
Refers to the different types of control our body uses to maintain balance and stability. It includes subconscious, innate, learned, and autonomic processes.
Creativity in Sport
Creativity in Sport
The ability to invent new and effective movements, adapt to changing situations, and experiment with different approaches.
Fitts and Posner's 3-Stage Model
Fitts and Posner's 3-Stage Model
A model describing the different stages of skill learning: cognitive, associative, and autonomous.
Gentile's 2-Stage Model
Gentile's 2-Stage Model
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Cognitive Stage
Cognitive Stage
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Associative Stage
Associative Stage
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Autonomous Stage
Autonomous Stage
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Cognitive Stage: Learning Curve
Cognitive Stage: Learning Curve
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Associative Stage: Skill Refinement
Associative Stage: Skill Refinement
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Autonomic Stage: Reduced Attention Demand
Autonomic Stage: Reduced Attention Demand
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Expert vs. Autonomic Stage
Expert vs. Autonomic Stage
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Stages of Learning and Expertise
Stages of Learning and Expertise
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Stages of Learning: Examples
Stages of Learning: Examples
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Information Processing
Information Processing
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Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)
Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)
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Serial Processing
Serial Processing
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Double Stimulation Paradigm
Double Stimulation Paradigm
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Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)
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Biceps EMG after practice
Biceps EMG after practice
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Neuromuscular resource use
Neuromuscular resource use
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Novice rower movement
Novice rower movement
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Expert rower movement
Expert rower movement
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Interpersonal coordination
Interpersonal coordination
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Learning styles myth
Learning styles myth
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Effective Learning
Effective Learning
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Multiple resource theory
Multiple resource theory
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Motor skill learning
Motor skill learning
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Information Processing Changes in Skill Learning
Information Processing Changes in Skill Learning
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Improved Knowledge Structure
Improved Knowledge Structure
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Visual Search Patterns in Skill Learning
Visual Search Patterns in Skill Learning
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Temporal Occlusion in Skill Learning
Temporal Occlusion in Skill Learning
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Spatial Occlusion in Skill Learning
Spatial Occlusion in Skill Learning
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Goal Achievement in Skill Learning
Goal Achievement in Skill Learning
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Coordination and Movement Efficiency in Skill Learning
Coordination and Movement Efficiency in Skill Learning
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Intermuscular Coordination
Intermuscular Coordination
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Intramuscular Coordination
Intramuscular Coordination
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The Learning Process: Minimizing Unnecessary Movements
The Learning Process: Minimizing Unnecessary Movements
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Postural Stability
Postural Stability
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Postural Sway
Postural Sway
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Fixed Point Strategy
Fixed Point Strategy
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Change-in-Support Strategy
Change-in-Support Strategy
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Cognitive Stage of Learning
Cognitive Stage of Learning
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Associative Stage of Learning
Associative Stage of Learning
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Autonomous Stage of Learning
Autonomous Stage of Learning
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Originality in Skill Learning
Originality in Skill Learning
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Versatility in Skill Learning
Versatility in Skill Learning
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Efficacy in Skill Learning
Efficacy in Skill Learning
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Explicit Memory
Explicit Memory
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Implicit Memory
Implicit Memory
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Blocked Practice
Blocked Practice
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Random Practice
Random Practice
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Knowledge of Results (KR)
Knowledge of Results (KR)
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Knowledge of Performance (KP)
Knowledge of Performance (KP)
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Quiet Eye
Quiet Eye
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External Focus
External Focus
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Whole-Body Stability
Whole-Body Stability
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Segmental Stability
Segmental Stability
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Joint Stability
Joint Stability
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Proactive Control
Proactive Control
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Reactive Control
Reactive Control
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Cognitive Stage (Learning)
Cognitive Stage (Learning)
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Associative Stage (Learning)
Associative Stage (Learning)
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Stages of Learning
Stages of Learning
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Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
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Short-Term Memory (Working Memory)
Short-Term Memory (Working Memory)
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Long-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
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Challenge Point Framework
Challenge Point Framework
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Warm-Up Decrement
Warm-Up Decrement
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Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory
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Movement Characteristics
Movement Characteristics
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Repetition
Repetition
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Meaningfulness
Meaningfulness
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Movement Characteristics & Memory
Movement Characteristics & Memory
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Repetition & Memory
Repetition & Memory
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Meaningfulness & Memory
Meaningfulness & Memory
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Sustained Attention
Sustained Attention
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Sensory Set
Sensory Set
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Motor Set
Motor Set
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Inverted-U Principle
Inverted-U Principle
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Choking
Choking
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Intention
Intention
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Movement Initiation
Movement Initiation
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Anticipation
Anticipation
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Discrimination
Discrimination
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Mental Practice
Mental Practice
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Stress
Stress
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Arousal
Arousal
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Anxiety
Anxiety
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Study Notes
Motor Learning - Week 11
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In-class review (Nov 13): A class review on postural control; 53.6% of students answered correctly that anticipatory postural control governs opening a door while walking. Reflexive and autonomic responses are also parts of postural control. Postural control levels include reflexive, autonomic, voluntary, and anticipatory. The percentages of responses for each level were: Reflexive (3.6%), Autonomic (32.1%), Voluntary (10.7%), and Anticipatory (53.6%).
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Today's learning objectives: Students will learn about the stages of movement, creativity, tactical skills, models of learning, and distinguish characteristics of high-level performers from other performers. They will also learn how to use learning stage models to direct future training/practice goals, and the concept of multiple resource theory.
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Creativity in motor learning: Originality, versatility, efficacy, and willingness to explore all enable creativity. Creativity develops through free expression and exploration alongside skill mastery. Creativity is more than just knowing one correct way. A real-world example provided was LaMello's coaches not penalizing him for trying new things; a real-world example is also provided on how coaches adapt to a learner's approach.
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Stages of Learning: The different processes through which motor skills develop and become more refined. Fitts and Posner’s three-stage model describes the development of performance from cognitive to associative and finally to autonomous. Gentile’s two-stage model focuses on the learning process and instruction while explaining changes to skills over time. Cognitive stage (verbal-cognitive) is dominated by cognitive factors. The learner is in the cognitive stage when they are primarily focused on developing an understanding of the basic movements and principles of the skill. Many errors and large variations of errors are common during this stage. The associative stage begins when the learner can detect and correct some errors and start making associations between actions and outcomes. Less variation occurs in performance at this stage. Finally, the autonomous stage involves decreased attention demand and a consistent, efficient performance, with correct errors. The learner is primarily focused on performance efficiency and few errors. Examples given for this stage were throwing a ball, executing a bicycle or executing a rhythmic gymnastics routine. This is also related to different contexts in sport. Examples of how to grip a ball and how the overarm action and sequencing are important are also included, and how proficiency evolves through practice.
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Information processing and Multiple Resource Theory: The central nervous system (CNS) processes information, including internal and external sensory input. Information is stored as memories, plans, and processes and is identified, interpreted, filtered and acted upon to create appropriate movement. The CNS cannot process all information at the same time; a bottleneck occurs when too much information needs to be processed, requiring a psychological refractory period (PRP). Sensory processing & buffer, perception, emotions, memory decisions, and other mental activities play critical roles in information processing. The process of information processing is critical for effective motor learning.
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Serial processing: Slows down processing and degrades processing. The performance of one task is impacted by how similar it is to another. Serial processing in the Double Stimulation Paradigm demonstrates how the processing of one task is slowed by the need to process another task. This process is exemplified through reaction time (RT2) as a function of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA).
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Double stimulation paradigm: Researchers measure reaction times for tasks where two stimuli require a response by different parts of the body. The paradigm examines how a response to a later stimulus is affected by the time lapse, or separation, between the two stimuli. Longer reaction times are often observed for the second task due to the delay caused by the first task. Reaction time is measured in milliseconds. Researchers are interested in reaction time (RT2) as a function of the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). An example provided was a tone that the subject uses to lift their right hand, and in the same time period, a light triggers the subject to lift their left hand. The timing between stimuli is important in this paradigm.
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Information processing in sports: In sports, stimulus 1 (e.g., a head fake or a trick) and stimulus 2 (e.g., a movement in the opposite direction) are used to manipulate information processing. This involves a bottleneck to process the first response before the processor can proceed to the next task.
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Multiple Resource Theory: The theory suggests the CNS is limited but flexible in its processing capabilities. Processing resources affected by arousal, fatigue, motivation, and health. Three dimensions of resources are important in this theory: Different types of processing can overlap; these are cognitive, perceptions, and responding - with various modalities or sensory inputs (visual, auditory, proprioception). Tasks can overlap, for example, in sport activities.
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Learning styles and learning styles myth: The idea that learners are categorized as visual, auditory, read/write, or kinesthetic is a myth. People benefit from a variety of learning methods, and there are different modalities of sensory inputs, as seen in the multiple resource theory.
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What makes someone an expert? The knowledge structure, understanding how the goal of a skill is achieved, and improved movement efficiency are all factors of an expert. An expert exhibits a more efficient patterned visual search, spending more time on important cues. They also have a better knowledge structure that, when coupled with more efficient processing, allows decisions to be faster and more appropriate. Experts optimize the use of information processing resources in this way, enabling more skilled performance.
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Better coordination and movement efficiency: Intermuscular and intramuscular coordination, less muscle activation (smoother movements), and better whole-body coordination (prevent jerky movements) lead to more efficient movements, decreasing unnecessary movements and actions. Experts release mechanical degrees of freedom to control limbs differently, resulting in more precise movements and less variation in execution. This is exemplified by the control of different parts of the body during the execution of a skill.
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Change in the goal of a skill: As learners improve, their goals and the ways they achieve those goals change, adapting to the specific situation and the new tasks and goals. Expert athletes, for example, might prioritize defensive moves over offensive ones in certain situations, as it is more suited for the given situation.
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Additional Information: The presentation could be enhanced by adding more detailed discussions of different motor learning applications, relevant examples (case studies), and more visual aids. This would promote realistic and engaging learning experiences. Note, there are different types of information processes that should be better accounted for in the presentation materials.
Types of Memory
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Sensory Memory: Holds sensory information (visual, auditory, tactile) for less than 1 second. This allows initial processing to determine if information should move to short-term memory.
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Short-Term Memory (Working Memory): Retains information temporarily (approximately 20–60 seconds). Its capacity is limited (7 ± 2 items). Rehearsal is necessary to prevent rapid forgetting.
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Long-Term Memory: Potentially permanent storage for learned information, comprising implicit memory (subconscious, procedural) for motor skills and explicit memory (conscious), divided further into episodic (personal experiences) and semantic (facts/knowledge) components.
Facilitating Memory
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Movement Characteristics: Continuous, rhythmic skills are more resistant to forgetting than discrete skills. Distinctive movement positions or key moments enhance memorability.
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Remembering Strategies: Repetition, meaningfulness, self-control, and mastery goals.
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Practice Characteristics: Practice should mirror real-world or game situations (e.g., driving in traffic). Use random practice to increase adaptability. The challenge point framework maximizes learning by matching task difficulty to capacity.
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Retention and Forgetting: Discrete tasks are prone to rapid forgetting. Retention tests after prolonged intervals may require more trials. Continuous tasks tend to exhibit better retention over time.
Warm-Up Decrement
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Definition: Temporary performance decline due to time away from a task; not directly related to memory loss, but to the loss of "set" or readiness.
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Examples: Goalkeepers needing an easy shot, musicians needing a warm-up.
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Minimization Strategies: Establishing pre-shot routines, using interspersed practice.
Additional Examples (using sports)
- (Examples from previous notes included, expanding on related themes.)*
Sustained Attention
- Definition: Ability to maintain focus on a task over a long period.
- Research Example (WWII): Radar operators' attention declined significantly after prolonged monitoring.
- Modern Applications: Security (X-ray scans), driving, lectures.
Using Attention as an Instructional Technique
- External Focus: Emphasizing the effects of movement leads to better learning.
- Movement Initiation: Early stages require greater attention.
- Highlighting Key Components: Instructors should emphasize important yet non-obvious elements.
- Example: Baseball pitchers improving mechanics by focusing on external cues (targeting a spot, whip-like motion).
How Practice Improves Information Processing and Attention
- Effects of Practice: Anticipation narrows response choices, and better stimulus discrimination results.
- Improvement Strategies: Utilize chaotic conditions to simulate game situations, adopt a sensory set (focus on stimuli), and implement mental practice for strategic planning.
Information Processing, Stress, Arousal, and Anxiety
- Definitions: Stress, arousal, anxiety explained.
- Inverted-U Principle: Moderate arousal leads to optimal performance, while extremes detrimentally affect processing.
- Factors: Task complexity, motor skill type (gross or fine), and individual arousal levels affect optimal performance.
Attention, Arousal, and Choking
- Choking: Failure to perform under pressure due to excessive arousal or anxiety.
- Theories: Over-focusing on execution or worry leads to suboptimal performance.
- Examples (in Sports): Specific scenarios from basketball or golf demonstrate the impact of attention breadth on performance.
Intention and Performance
- Intention's Role: Research has shown that force production patterns differ even when simulating effort, demonstrating the role of intention in performance.
Practice types
- Blocked practice
- Random practice
- Knowledge of results
- Knowledge of performance
Studying That Suits You
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts presented in week 11 of the Motor Learning course. Students will explore postural control, stages of movement creativity, and the characteristics of high-level performers. Additionally, the quiz addresses tactical skills and models of learning to aid in future training objectives.
