Motor Learning Overview and Review

Subconscious, innate, learned, and autonomic processes controlling body position.

Progressive phases in learning a motor skill.

Generating unique, versatile, and effective movements.

Three-stage model describing performance improvement in motor learning: cognitive, associative, and autonomous.

Two-stage model focusing on the learning process and instruction during the stages of learning.

Initial stage of motor learning, focused on understanding the task.

Motor learning stage where skills become more consistent and efficient.

Final stage of motor learning where skills become automatic and require less attention.

Performers with superior knowledge structure, information processing, coordination, and movement efficiency.

Organized body of information and skills enabling efficient decision-making.

The way the central nervous system processes sensory information to perform actions.

Theory that the central nervous system has limited but flexible processing resources, impacted by arousal, fatigue and motivation.

Time delay in responding to a second stimulus while processing the first.

Processing information one at a time, which can degrade performance.

Method of studying the psychological refractory period by presenting two stimuli rapidly.

The idea that learners are categorized by how they best receive information (visual, auditory, read/write, kinesthetic).

The smooth working together of different muscles during movement.

The smooth functioning within a single muscle.

The ability to use fewer muscles and make more efficient movements while improving performance.

Process of selecting relevant sensory information and dismissing less important information.

The way experts and novices look at the playing field while concentrating on important cues.

It's how the central nervous system (CNS) takes in sensory information from the world around us and from our body, then makes sense of it and decides what to do.

It suggests that the CNS has limited but flexible resources for processing information. These resources can be affected by things like how aroused, tired, motivated, and healthy we are.

When we try to process too much information at once, a 'bottleneck' occurs, slowing down and degrading how well we can process information.

It's a delay in responding to a second stimulus because we're still processing the first stimulus.

It refers to information being processed one step at a time, which can slow down and degrade performance.

It's a method used to study the PRP. Two stimuli are presented in rapid succession, and we measure how long it takes to respond to the second stimulus.

Due to the PRP, the second reaction time is slower because the nervous system is still processing the first stimulus and hasn't finished responding to it yet.

Imagine a defender trying to react to a fake then a real move. Even if they know it's a fake, they still need to finish processing the fake before reacting to the real move, delaying their response.

The CNS is divided into different resources for processing information, allowing for flexibility in how we handle different tasks.

Different tasks require different resources. Some tasks require more similar resources, leading to greater interference and slower processing when performed together.

We have a finite amount of attention resources, meaning we can only focus on so many things at once without sacrificing performance.

Multitasking often degrades performance because it requires juggling multiple tasks, leading to poor allocation of attention and processing resources.

It's when a skill is learned so well that it becomes nearly effortless and requires very little conscious attention.

Experts typically have developed automaticity for their skills, allowing them to focus on more strategic decisions and complex aspects of performance.

Experts have a deeper knowledge structure, process information more efficiently, coordinate movements more effectively, and have better control over their bodies.

Experts have a solid foundation of knowledge about their skills, which helps them make quick and appropriate decisions.

Experts process information faster and more accurately, making better use of relevant cues and filtering out distractions.

Experts focus on different aspects of the environment. Novices may pay attention to obvious things like the ball, while experts look for subtle cues that can offer an advantage.

Experts have more efficient coordination, using less muscle effort for smoother and more controlled movements.

By using fewer muscles and more coordinated movements, experts can conserve energy and maximize their performance.

It involves the smooth and coordinated working together of different muscle groups to achieve a specific movement.

It's the smooth functioning of the individual parts of a single muscle to produce a controlled movement.

The goal is to improve performance by learning, refining, and automating skills, allowing us to perform more efficiently and effortlessly.

Learning stages focus on how the learner progresses through phases of understanding and skill development, while beginner, intermediate, and expert are more general terms related to overall skill level.

While automaticity allows for more efficiency and frees up attention, it's just one component of expertise. Experts also possess advanced knowledge, strategies, and coordination.

By understanding the different stages of learning, coaches and instructors can tailor their teaching strategies, provide appropriate feedback, and design practice activities that support the learner's progress.