Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the process that involves the generation of layers of cells to define the ultimate axes of development?
What is the process that involves the generation of layers of cells to define the ultimate axes of development?
- Gastrulation (correct)
- Cell migration
- Neurulation
- Neurogenesis
Which process gives rise to the entire nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord?
Which process gives rise to the entire nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord?
- Neurulation (correct)
- Gastrulation
- Neurogenesis
- Cell migration
What is the stage that involves the proliferation of neural cells and occurs in the embryo?
What is the stage that involves the proliferation of neural cells and occurs in the embryo?
- Cell migration
- Neurulation
- Neurogenesis (correct)
- Gastrulation
Which stage follows neurogenesis and is responsible for establishing distinct cell populations?
Which stage follows neurogenesis and is responsible for establishing distinct cell populations?
What is the term for the generation of neurons from undifferentiated cells (stem cells)?
What is the term for the generation of neurons from undifferentiated cells (stem cells)?
Which process involves the molecular signals specifying the final position and type for precursor cells?
Which process involves the molecular signals specifying the final position and type for precursor cells?
Which part of the brain is involved in recognizing the need for movement and selecting a program for movement?
Which part of the brain is involved in recognizing the need for movement and selecting a program for movement?
What is the corticospinal pathway primarily responsible for?
What is the corticospinal pathway primarily responsible for?
Which factor is NOT involved in constraining movement?
Which factor is NOT involved in constraining movement?
What does neuroplasticity primarily involve at the genetic level?
What does neuroplasticity primarily involve at the genetic level?
In healthy adults, what can lead to changes in cortical maps at the systems level?
In healthy adults, what can lead to changes in cortical maps at the systems level?
What is responsible for the brain's ability to develop new functions in response to sensory input and motor demands?
What is responsible for the brain's ability to develop new functions in response to sensory input and motor demands?
What is the role of critical periods in neural circuit modification?
What is the role of critical periods in neural circuit modification?
What is the consequence of disruptions in neural induction and differentiation?
What is the consequence of disruptions in neural induction and differentiation?
What is the function of the cerebellum in motor control?
What is the function of the cerebellum in motor control?
How does myelination change as individuals age?
How does myelination change as individuals age?
What is the impact of defects in neural processes?
What is the impact of defects in neural processes?
What underpins variations in personality, ability, and behavior?
What underpins variations in personality, ability, and behavior?
What is neuroplasticity?
What is neuroplasticity?
What can neuroplastic changes involve?
What can neuroplastic changes involve?
Where does limited neurogenesis occur in adult human brains?
Where does limited neurogenesis occur in adult human brains?
What is required to induce lasting changes in plasticity?
What is required to induce lasting changes in plasticity?
What dictates the nature of plasticity in training?
What dictates the nature of plasticity in training?
What plays roles in neural adaptation and plasticity?
What plays roles in neural adaptation and plasticity?
What are crucial factors in human growth and development?
What are crucial factors in human growth and development?
Which theory emphasizes the importance of forming emotional attachments to caregivers for survival?
Which theory emphasizes the importance of forming emotional attachments to caregivers for survival?
What is linked to higher self-esteem, social skills, and empathy in children?
What is linked to higher self-esteem, social skills, and empathy in children?
What can alter physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development?
What can alter physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development?
What is crucial in shaping human growth and development?
What is crucial in shaping human growth and development?
What can lead to neurobiological changes affecting memory, processing, and stress regulation?
What can lead to neurobiological changes affecting memory, processing, and stress regulation?
What is motor learning primarily concerned with?
What is motor learning primarily concerned with?
Which of the following best describes the nature of motor learning?
Which of the following best describes the nature of motor learning?
What type of learning involves a decrease in responsiveness to repetitive single stimulus?
What type of learning involves a decrease in responsiveness to repetitive single stimulus?
What results from experience or practice and produces relatively permanent changes?
What results from experience or practice and produces relatively permanent changes?
What are outcome measures used for in the context of motor learning?
What are outcome measures used for in the context of motor learning?
In what context is habituation used to decrease the sensation of dizziness?
In what context is habituation used to decrease the sensation of dizziness?
What does motor learning primarily emerge from?
What does motor learning primarily emerge from?
What is the primary goal of motor learning in rehabilitation?
What is the primary goal of motor learning in rehabilitation?
What is the key characteristic of the changes produced by motor learning?
What is the key characteristic of the changes produced by motor learning?
What is the process of acquiring capability for skilled action primarily based on?
What is the process of acquiring capability for skilled action primarily based on?
What type of learning leads to automaticity and habits?
What type of learning leads to automaticity and habits?
Which theory of motor learning involves possible stages of cognitive, associative, and autonomous learning?
Which theory of motor learning involves possible stages of cognitive, associative, and autonomous learning?
What are the practical applications of motor learning?
What are the practical applications of motor learning?
What does postural control involve?
What does postural control involve?
Which systems are required for postural control?
Which systems are required for postural control?
What sends signals to the CNS for making necessary postural adjustments?
What sends signals to the CNS for making necessary postural adjustments?
What does the cerebellum anticipate and coordinate?
What does the cerebellum anticipate and coordinate?
What is postural sway described as?
What is postural sway described as?
What does recovery of function post-injury involve considering?
What does recovery of function post-injury involve considering?
What type of learning involves consciously recallable knowledge?
What type of learning involves consciously recallable knowledge?
What are the components of postural control according to the text?
What are the components of postural control according to the text?
What allows the body to foresee and prepare for changes in posture?
What allows the body to foresee and prepare for changes in posture?
Which part of the brain is involved in planning and execution in postural control?
Which part of the brain is involved in planning and execution in postural control?
What is responsible for coordinating muscle response synergies in postural control?
What is responsible for coordinating muscle response synergies in postural control?
What is the primary focus of ideal alignment in standing?
What is the primary focus of ideal alignment in standing?
What type of control do postural responses involve?
What type of control do postural responses involve?
What do muscle spindles constantly monitor in postural adjustments?
What do muscle spindles constantly monitor in postural adjustments?
What is involved in the coordination of muscle response synergies in postural control?
What is involved in the coordination of muscle response synergies in postural control?
What is the role of muscle synergies in postural control?
What is the role of muscle synergies in postural control?
What contributes to the adaptation of the body to changing environments in maintaining upright posture?
What contributes to the adaptation of the body to changing environments in maintaining upright posture?
What is the nature of motor learning?
What is the nature of motor learning?
What is non-associative learning in the context of motor learning?
What is non-associative learning in the context of motor learning?
What is the primary outcome of motor learning?
What is the primary outcome of motor learning?
How is motor learning measured?
How is motor learning measured?
What is the primary role of the frontal cortex in postural control?
What is the primary role of the frontal cortex in postural control?
What is the main function of muscle spindles in postural adjustments?
What is the main function of muscle spindles in postural adjustments?
Which component of postural control involves stability limits that change according to the task and individual characteristics?
Which component of postural control involves stability limits that change according to the task and individual characteristics?
What does higher level planning in postural control involve?
What does higher level planning in postural control involve?
What is the role of muscle synergies in postural control?
What is the role of muscle synergies in postural control?
Which system is primarily responsible for coordinating muscle response synergies in postural control?
Which system is primarily responsible for coordinating muscle response synergies in postural control?
What is the primary function of the motor cortex in postural control?
What is the primary function of the motor cortex in postural control?
What contributes to the adaptation of the body to changing environments in maintaining upright posture?
What contributes to the adaptation of the body to changing environments in maintaining upright posture?
What is the primary role of the brainstem in postural control?
What is the primary role of the brainstem in postural control?
What is the primary role of the cerebellum in postural control?
What is the primary role of the cerebellum in postural control?
What is the primary function of sensory systems in postural control?
What is the primary function of sensory systems in postural control?
What is the primary role of the spinal networks in postural control?
What is the primary role of the spinal networks in postural control?
What type of learning leads to automaticity and habits?
What type of learning leads to automaticity and habits?
Which theory of motor learning involves possible stages of cognitive, associative, and autonomous learning?
Which theory of motor learning involves possible stages of cognitive, associative, and autonomous learning?
What are the practical applications of motor learning?
What are the practical applications of motor learning?
What does postural control involve?
What does postural control involve?
What systems are required for postural control?
What systems are required for postural control?
What sends signals to the CNS for making necessary postural adjustments?
What sends signals to the CNS for making necessary postural adjustments?
What part of the brain anticipates and coordinates postural adjustments?
What part of the brain anticipates and coordinates postural adjustments?
What is the term for the ability to maintain equilibrium at rest or in motion?
What is the term for the ability to maintain equilibrium at rest or in motion?
What are the stages of recovery post-injury?
What are the stages of recovery post-injury?
What type of control do postural responses involve?
What type of control do postural responses involve?
What is the term for the ability to foresee and prepare for changes in posture?
What is the term for the ability to foresee and prepare for changes in posture?
What is the term for the generation of neurons from undifferentiated cells (stem cells)?
What is the term for the generation of neurons from undifferentiated cells (stem cells)?
Study Notes
Human Growth and Development: Key Points
- Genetics and environment (diet, physical activity) are crucial in human growth and development, with rapid physical growth in the first year of life.
- Motor behavior is determined by physical size, neurological and physiological functioning, information processing abilities, and self-organizing properties.
- Human growth and development encompass prenatal, infancy, early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and older age periods.
- Adolescence is a period of rapid change, particularly in secondary sexual characteristics, height, and weight, with an increase in abstract thought.
- Observations of human growth and development highlight the importance of heredity, environment, and task, and development is stage-like with predictable and definite milestones.
- Theories of human development include psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral and social, and ethological theories, with attachment theory emphasizing the importance of forming emotional attachments to caregivers for survival.
- Attachment phases include pre-attachment, attachment in the making, "clear-cut" attachment, and formation of a reciprocal relationship, impacting the individual's future relationships and parenting.
- Secure attachment is linked to higher self-esteem, social skills, empathy, and better social skills in children.
- Factors affecting attachment security include the opportunity for attachment, quality of caregiving, and infant characteristics, with trauma and adverse childhood experiences impacting neurological biological development.
- Adverse childhood experiences can alter physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development, with potential delays or regression in physical skills and sensitization to stress.
- Trauma can lead to neurobiological changes, affecting memory, processing, stress regulation, and the ability to modulate responses, potentially leading to hyperarousal and difficulties in learning and behavior regulation.
- Caregiving continuity, quality, and opportunity, as well as the impact of trauma and adverse experiences on neurological biological development, are crucial in shaping human growth and development.
Postural Control and Musculoskeletal Components
- Musculoskeletal components include the skeleton and muscles that contribute to postural control.
- The body adapts to changing environments by developing more efficient strategies to maintain upright posture.
- Anticipatory mechanisms allow the body to foresee and prepare for changes in posture.
- Postural control involves individual sensory systems, neuromuscular synergies, and action systems.
- Higher level planning involves the frontal cortex for planning and the motor cortex for execution in postural control.
- Coordination in postural control involves the brainstem and spinal networks coordinating muscle response synergies.
- Postural control includes stability limits that change according to the task and individual characteristics.
- Strategies underlying stance postural control involve sensory, central (perceptual and cognitive), and motor mechanisms.
- Ideal alignment in standing uses the least amount of energy or muscle contraction for energy efficiency.
- Postural responses involve feedback control and feedforward (anticipatory) control.
- Muscle spindles constantly monitor the length of muscle fibers, contributing to postural adjustments.
- Muscle synergies involve specific muscle activation sequences in response to perturbations, with various strategies for different directions and magnitudes.
Motor Learning and Postural Control
- Sensitisation increases neural system responsiveness and can occur through sensory learning and associative learning, involving classical and operant conditioning.
- Procedural learning leads to automaticity and habits, while declarative learning results in consciously recallable knowledge.
- Various theories of motor learning include closed loop processing, open loop processing, and ecological theory, with possible stages of cognitive, associative, and autonomous learning.
- Motor learning progresses through novice, advanced, and expert stages, involving control of degrees of freedom and increasing automaticity.
- Practical applications of motor learning include transfer of learning to new tasks/environments, mental practice, feedback, and practice conditions.
- Recovery of function post-injury involves considering recovery versus compensation, stages of recovery, and factors affecting recovery such as age, lesion characteristics, experience, pharmacology, and training quality.
- Postural control involves stability and orientation, with balance as the ability to maintain equilibrium at rest or in motion.
- Postural sway is described as mediolateral or anterior-posterior, and balance involves maintaining the body within the limits of stability.
- Systems required for postural control include environmental perception through proprioception, vision, and vestibular cochlear systems.
- Afferent neurons send signals to the CNS, which makes decisions and sends information to the motor systems via efferent pathways to make necessary postural adjustments.
- The cerebellum anticipates and coordinates postural adjustments and is important in learning new tasks, reducing the difference between anticipation and actual outcomes as learning progresses.
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Description
Test your knowledge of human growth and development with this quiz covering key points such as genetics, motor behavior, developmental stages, attachment theory, and the impact of trauma and adverse experiences. Explore the significance of heredity, environment, and caregiving on human development.
