Motor Learning and Postural Control Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is motor learning?

  • Acquisition and modification of sensory skills in normal and patient population.
  • Acquisition and modification of language skills important in normal and patient population.
  • Acquisition and modification of social skills important in normal and patient population.
  • Acquisition and modification of movement important in normal and patient population. (correct)

    • What is habituation in the context of motor learning?

  • A decrease in responsiveness to varied stimuli.
  • A decrease in responsiveness to repetitive single stimulus. (correct)
  • An increase in responsiveness to varied stimuli.
  • An increase in responsiveness to repetitive single stimulus.

    • What does motor learning result from?

  • Experience or practice. (correct)
  • Physical therapy or medication.
  • Instruction or observation.
  • Mental imagery or visualization.

    • What is the nature of motor learning?

    <p>It involves new strategies for sensing and moving, emerging from perception-cognition-action process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is included in musculoskeletal components contributing to postural control?

    <p>Skeletal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows the body to foresee and prepare for changes in posture?

    <p>Feedforward control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in higher level planning in postural control?

    <p>Frontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for coordinating muscle response synergies in postural control?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does postural control include that changes according to the task and individual characteristics?

    <p>Stability limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ideal alignment in standing use the least amount of for energy efficiency?

    <p>Muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What involves specific muscle activation sequences in response to perturbations?

    <p>Muscle synergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constantly monitors the length of muscle fibers, contributing to postural adjustments?

    <p>Muscle spindles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of control do postural responses involve, in addition to feedback control?

    <p>Feedforward control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for coordinating muscle response synergies in postural control?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in higher level planning in postural control?

    <p>Frontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for coordinating muscle response synergies in postural control?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of learning leads to automaticity and habits?

    <p>Procedural learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theories of motor learning include closed loop processing, open loop processing, and ecological theory?

    <p>Ecological theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of motor learning progression?

    <p>Cognitive, associative, and autonomous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability to maintain equilibrium at rest or in motion called?

    <p>Balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systems are required for postural control?

    <p>Proprioception, vision, and vestibular cochlear systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sends signals to the CNS for making necessary postural adjustments?

    <p>Afferent neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is important in learning new tasks and coordinating postural adjustments?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for maintaining the body within the limits of stability?

    <p>Postural control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of learning involves consciously recallable knowledge?

    <p>Declarative learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the factors affecting recovery post-injury?

    <p>Age, lesion characteristics, and experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of learning increases neural system responsiveness through sensory and associative learning?

    <p>Sensitisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to reduce the difference between anticipation and actual outcomes as learning progresses?

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age range typically reaches adult levels of spontaneous sway with eyes open?

    <p>9 - 12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does somatosensory input predominate for balance?

    <p>3 - 6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the vestibular system mature?

    <p>12 - 15 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sensory input for balance until the age of 3 years?

    <p>Visual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically reach visually dominant balance with eyes closed?

    <p>9 - 12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children reach adult levels of reactive responses?

    <p>12 - 15 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically have a higher postural sway rate than adults?

    <p>3 - 6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically have a higher centre of mass than adults?

    <p>Under 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically find static balance more difficult to achieve than adults?

    <p>Under 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically have a faster rate of control of spontaneous sway in a quiet state?

    <p>3 - 6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key goal for infants aged 4-6 months in terms of postural control development?

    <p>Reaching and grasping toys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the last type of postural response to develop in any particular orientation or posture?

    <p>Adaptive postural responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the recruitment of postural adjustment or protective responses in infants?

    <p>Speed and strength of the perturbing force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in postural control by mapping individual senses to actions?

    <p>Vision stimulating action in neck muscles for head righting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age range of infants should be able to stand alone with a wide base of support and lumbar lordosis?

    <p>9-15 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key factors influencing postural control development in infants?

    <p>Intact musculoskeletal system and proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range might infants demonstrate commando crawling?

    <p>7-9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural responses are the second line of defense to protect the head from hitting the surface?

    <p>Protective responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of the body to foresee and prepare for changes in posture?

    <p>Anticipatory postural responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system plays a crucial role in postural control by constantly monitoring the length of muscle fibers?

    <p>Proprioceptive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the age at which 50% of babies achieved a specific motor skill?

    <p>1st age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex response involves the arms moving into abduction as a protective response?

    <p>Moro reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age are neonates unable to lift their heads while in a prone position?

    <p>Birth - 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 2nd age represent in the context of motor skill development?

    <p>Age at which 90% of babies achieved the skill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is a reflex response that protects the airways?

    <p>Gag reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the flexor withdrawal reflex involve?

    <p>Flexing the hip and lifting the foot when stepping on something sharp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age are neonates unable to bring their arms up while in a supine position?

    <p>Birth - 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex response involves the infant turning their head in response to a stimulus?

    <p>Rooting reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reflex response where the infant grasps and sucks their thumb?

    <p>Rooting reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the moro reflex involve as a protective response?

    <p>Arms move into abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Motor Learning and Postural Control

    • Sensitisation increases neural system responsiveness and can occur through sensory learning and associative learning, involving classical and operant conditioning.
    • Procedural learning leads to automaticity and habits, while declarative learning results in consciously recallable knowledge.
    • Various theories of motor learning include closed loop processing, open loop processing, and ecological theory, with possible stages of cognitive, associative, and autonomous learning.
    • Motor learning progresses through novice, advanced, and expert stages, involving control of degrees of freedom and increasing automaticity.
    • Practical applications of motor learning include transfer of learning to new tasks/environments, mental practice, feedback, and practice conditions.
    • Recovery of function post-injury involves considering recovery versus compensation, stages of recovery, and factors affecting recovery such as age, lesion characteristics, experience, pharmacology, and training quality.
    • Postural control involves stability and orientation, with balance as the ability to maintain equilibrium at rest or in motion.
    • Postural sway is described as mediolateral or anterior-posterior, and balance involves maintaining the body within the limits of stability.
    • Systems required for postural control include environmental perception through proprioception, vision, and vestibular cochlear systems.
    • Afferent neurons send signals to the CNS, which makes decisions and sends information to the motor systems via efferent pathways to make necessary postural adjustments.
    • The cerebellum anticipates and coordinates postural adjustments and is important in learning new tasks, reducing the difference between anticipation and actual outcomes as learning progresses.

    Developmental Milestones in Infants' Postural Control

    • Infants aged 4-6 months should achieve prone weight bearing on forearms with some strength against gravity and chin tuck, and they should be able to track objects with their eyes and bring hands and feet to the midline.
    • Key goals for infants aged 4-6 months include eye-hand coordination and reaching and grasping toys, while those aged 9-15 months should develop fine pincer grasp and constructive play.
    • Infants aged 6-8 months should progress to reaching forward from the base of support and sitting upright, and those aged 7-9 months may demonstrate commando crawling.
    • Infants aged 9-15 months should be able to crawl on hands and knees, stand alone with a wide base of support and lumbar lordosis, and squat to play with eccentric control of quadriceps and calf range.
    • Postural control development in infants is influenced by intact musculoskeletal system, proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular systems, and maturation and experience.
    • There is a large variation in postural control development between females and males, and the process of mapping individual senses to actions, such as vision stimulating action in neck muscles for head righting, is crucial for postural control.
    • Infants develop postural responses that are reactive (responding to perturbations) and anticipatory (preparing the body for movement or in anticipation of being perturbed).
    • Adaptive postural responses are the last to develop in any particular orientation or posture, and protective responses, such as extension of limbs and movement away from the trunk, act as the second line of defense to protect the head from hitting the surface.
    • Postural adjustment or protective response recruitment in infants is influenced by the speed and strength of the perturbing force, and they develop stepping strategies in lower limbs when achieving standing.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of motor learning and postural control with this quiz. Explore topics such as sensory and associative learning, theories of motor learning, stages of recovery post-injury, postural sway, balance, and the neural systems involved in postural control.

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