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Questions and Answers
Who is recognized as the father of Motor Learning?
Who is recognized as the father of Motor Learning?
What was a significant discovery about pilot training during World War II?
What was a significant discovery about pilot training during World War II?
Which statement accurately reflects the study of information processing?
Which statement accurately reflects the study of information processing?
What is the capacity of Short Term Sensory Store?
What is the capacity of Short Term Sensory Store?
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What does Short Term Memory typically hold?
What does Short Term Memory typically hold?
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What is the capacity of Long Term Memory?
What is the capacity of Long Term Memory?
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What characterizes the encoding process of Sensory Memory?
What characterizes the encoding process of Sensory Memory?
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Which type of encoding is associated with Long Term Memory?
Which type of encoding is associated with Long Term Memory?
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When variations of the task to be learned are incorporated during the acquisition phase, what concept is being utilized?
When variations of the task to be learned are incorporated during the acquisition phase, what concept is being utilized?
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Which type of practice will show the highest level of contextual interference?
Which type of practice will show the highest level of contextual interference?
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What is a disadvantage of using blocked practice compared to random practice?
What is a disadvantage of using blocked practice compared to random practice?
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Increasing variability of practice is likely to improve which aspect of learning?
Increasing variability of practice is likely to improve which aspect of learning?
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Practicing multiple tasks in a random order is a technique to create what kind of practice effect?
Practicing multiple tasks in a random order is a technique to create what kind of practice effect?
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The explanation that subjects engage in varied processing strategies during random conditions is known as what hypothesis?
The explanation that subjects engage in varied processing strategies during random conditions is known as what hypothesis?
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According to Magill and Hall (1990), the contextual interference effect is more pronounced when which type of motor programs are utilized?
According to Magill and Hall (1990), the contextual interference effect is more pronounced when which type of motor programs are utilized?
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What study schedule is considered most effective for retaining information for an exam?
What study schedule is considered most effective for retaining information for an exam?
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What method is used to group information to enhance Short Term Memory capacity?
What method is used to group information to enhance Short Term Memory capacity?
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What is indicated by the increase in reaction time correlated with the number of segments in a movement?
What is indicated by the increase in reaction time correlated with the number of segments in a movement?
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The principle that reaction time increases with the number of equally likely choices is known as what?
The principle that reaction time increases with the number of equally likely choices is known as what?
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Which area of information processing is tested when a corresponding key is released in response to a light or buzzer?
Which area of information processing is tested when a corresponding key is released in response to a light or buzzer?
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Slower reaction times when distinguishing between numbers arise from difficulty in which area of processing?
Slower reaction times when distinguishing between numbers arise from difficulty in which area of processing?
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In which learning stage does a performer require minimal attention?
In which learning stage does a performer require minimal attention?
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During which stage of learning is attention mainly focused on better strategies?
During which stage of learning is attention mainly focused on better strategies?
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Control processes using feedback to modify movements are termed what?
Control processes using feedback to modify movements are termed what?
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An increase in mistakes during a critical game is typically attributed to which factor?
An increase in mistakes during a critical game is typically attributed to which factor?
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What is the classification for the order of elements in a generalized motor program?
What is the classification for the order of elements in a generalized motor program?
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Overall force in a generalized motor program is categorized as which type of feature?
Overall force in a generalized motor program is categorized as which type of feature?
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Which of the following features must be scaled to produce a specific movement within a generalized motor program?
Which of the following features must be scaled to produce a specific movement within a generalized motor program?
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The law explaining the speed-accuracy tradeoff is known as what?
The law explaining the speed-accuracy tradeoff is known as what?
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Feedback related to error magnitude and direction is termed what?
Feedback related to error magnitude and direction is termed what?
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Study Notes
Motor Learning Final Exam Study Notes
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Father of Motor Learning: Richard Schmidt
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World War II Impact on Motor Learning: Training, not inherent motor ability, was crucial for pilot success, and selection was less effective than training.
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Information Processing: Study method: inferring information processing from input and output. Not all processing is the same; different stimuli involve different processing.
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Short-Term Sensory Store Capacity: Large amounts of information for a few seconds.
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Short-Term Memory Capacity: 5-9 pieces of information for about 30 seconds.
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Long-Term Memory Capacity: Large amounts of information for a long time.
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Sensory Memory Encoding: Very literal storage of information.
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Long-Term Memory Encoding: Semantic storage of information.
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Short-Term Memory Capacity Enhancement: Chunking.
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Motor Control and Movement Complexity: Reaction time increases with the number of movement segments (closed-loop control), and the number of choices (Hick's Law).
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Information Processing Stages in Response Selection: Stimulus identification and response selection
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Stages of Motor Skill Learning:
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Cognitive: Maximal attention is necessary; focus on appropriate strategies.
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Associative: Attention allocation is reduced.
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Autonomous: Minimal attention required.
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Motor Control Types:
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Open-loop Control: Movements that do not utilize feedback during execution.
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Closed-loop Control: Movements that use feedback during execution.
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Performance Degradation Reasons:
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Arousal: Excessive arousal reduces performance in challenging situations
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Anticipation: Incorrect or inappropriate anticipation can be disruptive.
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Flexible Attention: Failure to adjust focus based on context can hinder performance.
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Psychological refractory period: A brief delay in processing subsequent stimuli
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Trace Decay: Failure to hold on to information long enough, or Interference
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Generalized Motor Program Characteristics:
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Invariant Features: Constant features that stay the same regardless of movement variations (order, overall force, duration).
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Variant Features: Variable features that change to produce different variations of a movement (relative force, timing, muscles used).
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Modifying a Motor Program: Changing a variant feature, not the motor program, alters a movement (relative timing, specific muscles).
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Speed-Accuracy Trade-off: Fitts' Law describes the relationship between movement speed and accuracy.
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Knowledge of Results (KR): Feedback about the outcome of a movement.
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Knowledge of Performance (KP): Feedback about the movement pattern.
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Optimal KR Delivery: Summary KR, providing occasional complete feedback, and bandwidth KR are effective for retention.
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Practice Schedules:
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Blocked practice: Repetitive practice of a single skill.
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Random practice: Practice of multiple skills in random order.
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Contextual Interference Effect: Benefits of variability in practice, best seen when multiple motor programs are involved (random practice is superior).
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Motor Program Control Theory: Coordinative structures (control of agonist and antagonist muscles) regulate limb movements.
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Schmidt's Schema Theory: Recall schema and recognition schema are crucial components.
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Optimal Study Schedule: Distributed practice (studying over time) is generally better for retention than massed practice.
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Learning Enhancement Techniques
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Beginning a class with a review of previous material supports retention.
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Context Interference Effect Explanation
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Elaboration Hypothesis.
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Reconstruction Hypothesis. .
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Description
Prepare for your Motor Learning final exam with this comprehensive study guide. Explore key concepts such as the role of training during World War II and the intricacies of information processing, memory capacities, and encoding methods. This guide will help reinforce your understanding of essential topics in motor learning.
