week 3 aplysia, BMI

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Questions and Answers

What type of memory is primarily responsible for knowing how to perform actions or movements?

Declarative memory

Visual memory

Procedural memory (correct)

Episodic memory

Which of the following is a feature of procedural memory?

It is conscious and easily verbalized.

It can only be formed through explicit learning.

It guides performance below the level of conscious awareness. (correct)

It is exclusively declarative in nature.

What experimental advantages do simple invertebrate nervous systems provide for studying motor learning?

Large number of neurons makes complex analysis easier.

Neurons are small and difficult to identify.

Invertebrate systems lack simple reflex pathways.

Identifiable neurons can be classified consistently. (correct)

Which of the following best describes the study conducted by Eric Kandel on Aplysia?

It investigated molecular mechanisms related to procedural memory. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of identifiable circuits in invertebrate nervous systems?

They enable the same connections in every individual. Signup and view all the answers

What response is demonstrated in the eye-blink reflex when air is blown gently at the eye?

An involuntary reflex action. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of procedural learning involves a motor response to sensory input?

Motor learning Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is procedural memory categorized under?

Implicit memory Signup and view all the answers

What is Knowledge of Results (KR)?

Feedback on whether the intended goal was achieved Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of motor skill learning are movements typically slow and controlled consciously?

Cognitive phase Signup and view all the answers

What is considered intrinsic feedback in motor skill learning?

Proprioception concerning the movement process Signup and view all the answers

Which phase involves practicing skilled movements and using feedback to improve performance?

Associative phase Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of reinvestment in motor control suggest about learned procedures?

They can be disrupted if monitored with conscious, declarative knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes the autonomous phase of motor skill learning?

Movements are automatic and require little conscious thought. Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback is specifically concerned with the correctness of a movement during its performance?

Knowledge of Performance (KP) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes may occur if a performer focuses too much on specific components of a movement?

Disruption of learned movements Signup and view all the answers

What role does the forward model play in motor control?

It updates predictions of movement outcomes in real-time. Signup and view all the answers

How does the corollary discharge function within neural circuits?

It cancels out predicted neural signals from sensory organs. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the forward model detects a discrepancy in movement trajectory?

It signals that a corrective action is required. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of lacking a forward model during motor control?

Awareness of errors occurs too late to correct the trajectory. Signup and view all the answers

What challenges are associated with sensory information during fast movements?

Sensory processing times lead to delays in feedback. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'unpredictable influences' in the context of motor control?

Factors that introduce randomness and uncertainty in motor performance. Signup and view all the answers

In competitive sports, why is point-by-point monitoring critical?

To ensure immediate adjustments can be made to maintain trajectory. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the efference copy have on sensory perception?

It reduces the awareness of the predicted sensory outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What role do mirror neurons play in the context of brain-machine interfaces?

They activate during the observation of movement, aiding understanding of individual neuron functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of motor equivalence primarily concerned with?

The capacity of various motor systems to produce the same behavioral outcome. Signup and view all the answers

Which model is responsible for converting a movement plan into actionable motor commands?

The inverse model. Signup and view all the answers

How can the concept of motor equivalence benefit individuals using brain-machine interfaces?

By enabling control of prosthetics through varied body parts and mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes internal models in human movement?

They assist in transforming coordinate systems and motor planning. Signup and view all the answers

What implication does motor equivalence have on training with one limb related to performance with others?

Skills can potentially transfer to other limbs and mechanical devices. Signup and view all the answers

In what context does a paralysed person benefit from brain-machine interfaces?

They can control devices using neural activity instead of physical action. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the ventrolateral portion of the premotor cortex significant?

It contains the neural circuits for actions performed by various body parts. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of closed skills in motor skill learning?

Have a clear beginning and end with set patterns. Signup and view all the answers

Which skill type is exemplified by an athlete performing a free throw in basketball?

Closed skill Signup and view all the answers

During mental rehearsal of a skill, what is activated in the brain?

The same brain areas active during physical performance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of mental rehearsal in motor skill learning?

It enhances performance through positive transfer. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skill is characterized by the need for continual adaptation?

Open skill Signup and view all the answers

How do closed and open skills change during the skill learning process?

Closed skills become more consistent while open skills become more diversified. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of separating units in skill learning?

It can slow performance and increase opportunities for error. Signup and view all the answers

Mental rehearsal is especially beneficial for which group of individuals?

Athletes recovering from injuries. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motor Learning and Memory Mechanisms

Procedural memory is linked to motor skills, allowing individuals to perform actions without conscious awareness.
Procedural learning occurs as a reaction to sensory input, forming reflex pathways between sensations and movements.
Implicit memory encompasses procedural memories, influencing our automatic responses.

Motor Learning in Invertebrates

Invertebrate nervous systems provide experimental ease due to small numbers of large, identifiable neurons.
Eric Kandel's research on Aplysia revealed molecular mechanisms for procedural memory and neural circuit formation, earning him the 2004 Nobel Prize in Medicine.
Kandel's studies highlight the eye-blink reflex as a model for investigating learning mechanisms.

Motor Equivalence

Motor equivalence allows different body parts to perform the same task, indicating shared neural circuits.
Skills learned with one limb can be transferred to others or even to mechanical devices, showing adaptability of motor systems.

Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs)

Paralysed individuals can control BMIs through thought, as demonstrated by research from the University of Pittsburgh.
Innovative prosthetics have been developed to provide sensory feedback, enhancing the functionality of BMIs.

Internal Models in Motor Control

Internal models enable understanding of body-environment relationships by solving coordinate system transformations.
The INVERSE model transforms movement plans into motor commands, while the FORWARD model predicts outcomes and identifies deviations.
Continuous monitoring of movement performance is vital, especially during rapid actions in unpredictable environments.

Knowledge of Results and Knowledge of Performance

Knowledge of Results (KR) informs about movement success toward goals, while Knowledge of Performance (KP) offers feedback on movement execution.
Different feedback types assist in refining motor skills, using intrinsic feedback (proprioception) and extrinsic feedback (external information).

Stages of Motor Skill Learning

Cognitive phase: Initial identification of movement components, slow and inconsistent execution.
Associative phase: Linking movement components into a smooth action with increased efficiency and decreased conscious control.
Autonomous phase: Mastery of the skill, requiring minimal conscious thought, leading to precision and consistency in performance.

Closed vs. Open Skills

Closed skills operate in predictable environments, allowing for pre-planned movements (e.g., gymnastics).
Open skills require constant adaptation to dynamic environments, influenced by external factors (e.g., soccer).
Skill learning results in greater consistency in closed skills and increased variability in open skills.

Mental Rehearsal

Mental rehearsal engages the same brain regions activated during physical performance, improving task execution without physical movement.
Evidence shows mental rehearsal can transfer positively, enhancing performance across different activities.
Particularly useful for injured athletes as a practice supplement.

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Description

Explore the concepts of motor learning and internal models in NEUR3101. This quiz evaluates your understanding of procedural memory and its connection to motor skills, encompassing insights from Aplysia to Brain Machine Interfaces.