Motor Control and Reflexes Quiz

<p>Coordinate complex movements and provide proprioceptive feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spinal reflexes can be overridden. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of neurons dedicated to motor control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Premotor cortex and primary motor cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correction of errors during movement execution (A), Integration of sensory inputs and motor command (B), Execution of individual muscle contractions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reflects the degree of skill required for different body movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corrections based on real-time feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticospinal pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulation of trunk and postural muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parkinson disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constant muscle contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle tone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive motor movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slowed movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choreiform movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Huntington disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to target movements correctly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receiving sensory information for balance and coordination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle weakness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The magnitude of the pain stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexor muscles contract while extensor muscles relax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reporting muscle length (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as connectors between sensory input and motor output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexor muscles relax while extensor muscles contract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrafusal muscle fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detecting changes in muscle length (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increase in reflex response with stronger stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The response continues even after the pain stimulus ceases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Withdrawal reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflex that requires multiple neurons and synapses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrafusal fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To initiate a protective response to harmful stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle tension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innervate intrafusal muscle spindle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inverse stretch reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosynaptic reflexes do not involve interneurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They coordinate complex movements through voluntary feedback. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a protective reflex that responds to harmful stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Processing and regulating emotions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin and norepinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consolidation of short-term memories into long-term memories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in articulating or comprehending language (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schizophrenia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balanced contraction and relaxation of flexor and extensor muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wernicke’s area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extensor muscle contraction takes place. (B), Flexor muscle relaxation occurs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a polysynaptic reflex. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases with the strength of the stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afterdischarge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They connect sensory inputs to motor outputs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates enhanced response rates with increased stimulus intensity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integration with motor neuron activation pathways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enable sustained reflex action post-stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>State of consciousness level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequency relates to levels of responsiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased inhibitions of skeletal muscle activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preoptic area of the hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goal-directed behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aminergic neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-stimulation experiments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Awake and alert state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They accompany conscious experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detect muscle length. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrafusal fibers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excitation of motor neurons in the ipsilateral flexor. (B), Inhibition of motor neurons innervating the ipsilateral extensor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ib afferents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detect changes in muscle length. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle length. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are located in parallel with one another. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect limbs from injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is responsible for controlling muscle length. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By activating intrafusal fibers to maintain sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excitation of motor neurons innervating the extensor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Withdrawal reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide sensory information about muscle length (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosynaptic stretch reflex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased spindle responsiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change in muscle length (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurons that carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles, causing movement.

Motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles.

A reflex that quickly moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

A reflex that maintains muscle length and posture.

Automatic, involuntary movements controlled by the spinal cord. Examples are withdrawal, stretch, and inverse stretch reflexes.

The reflex response occurs on the same side (same) as the stimulus.

The reflex response occurs on the opposite side (opposite) of the stimulus, like in cross extensor reflex

A reflex arc involving multiple synapses (i.e. interneurons) between sensory input and motor output.

Increased reflex response with stronger stimulus, involving additional motor unit recruitment.

Continued reflex response after the stimulus ends due to spinal feedback.

A contralateral response in which the extensor muscle contracts on the opposite side to the flexor muscle contracting on the same side.

The strength or intensity of the withdrawal reflex, which is proportional to the stimulus strength.

A network of brain structures involved in controlling involuntary movements, particularly those related to posture and body balance.

A sensory receptor within muscles that detects changes in muscle length, sending feedback to the nervous system about muscle stretch.

A sensory receptor located within tendons that detects muscle tension, sending signals to the nervous system.

A representation of the body in the primary motor cortex, where specific areas of the cortex control specific muscle groups.

The larger the representation of a body structure in the primary motor cortex, the more neurons are dedicated to controlling that area, and the more fine-grained and skillful the movement is.

Sensory nerve fibers that carry information about changes in muscle length from the muscle spindle's nuclear bag fibers to the spinal cord.

Sensory nerve fibers that carry information about static muscle length from the muscle spindle's nuclear chain fibers to the spinal cord.

Specialized muscle fibers within the muscle spindle that maintain its sensitivity and responsiveness.

The simultaneous activation of alpha motor neurons (controlling extrafusal muscle fibers) and gamma motor neurons (controlling intrafusal muscle fibers), ensuring the muscle spindle remains sensitive during muscle contraction.

A reflex that inhibits muscle contraction when excessive tension is detected by the Golgi tendon organ.

Sensory nerve fibers that carry information about muscle tension from the Golgi tendon organ to the spinal cord.

A direct pathway from the motor cortex to the spinal cord that controls skilled voluntary movements, primarily in the extremities, especially the hands and feet.

A set of indirect pathways originating in the brainstem that control posture, balance, and walking, primarily affecting trunk and postural muscles.

The resistance of a muscle to passive stretch, indicating its state of readiness and tension.

Increased muscle tone, often accompanied by exaggerated reflexes, resulting from damage to descending motor pathways.

Constant muscle contraction, resulting in stiffness throughout the range of motion, often due to damage to descending motor pathways.

Decreased muscle tone and loss of muscle mass, often due to damage to motor neurons.

A group of brain structures that play a critical role in planning and executing movements, modulating motor commands, and controlling muscle tone.

A movement disorder characterized by a lack of dopamine in the basal nuclei, leading to tremors, rigidity, slow movement, and difficulty initiating movement.

A condition characterized by excessive, involuntary muscle movements.

Jerky, random, involuntary movements of the limbs and face.

Difficulty coordinating movements, resulting in broken-down, disjointed movements.

Inaccurate movements, often overshooting or undershooting the intended target.

Lack of coordination and control of muscle movements, leading to unsteady gait and clumsiness.

A person's level of alertness or awareness at any given time, ranging from fully awake to deep sleep.

The subjective, personal experience of thoughts, feelings, desires, and perceptions. It's what makes you aware of yourself and your surroundings.

A tool used to measure the electrical activity in the brain, often used to diagnose epilepsy or sleep disorders.

Different phases of sleep characterized by unique brainwave patterns and physiological changes.

A sleep stage marked by rapid eye movements, vivid dreams, and muscle paralysis.

The body's natural 24-hour cycle that regulates sleep-wake patterns, hormone release, and body temperature.

The internal drive that pushes us to act in a certain way, often directed towards achieving a goal.

Our subjective feelings and responses to events or situations.

A brain circuit associated with reward, pleasure, and motivation, often implicated in addiction.

Studies where animals are given the ability to stimulate their own brains, revealing how certain brain areas are involved in reward and motivation.

A group of brain structures involved in processing emotions, memory, and motivation. It plays a crucial role in our emotional responses, learning, and behavior.

A part of the limbic system critical for forming new memories and transferring them from short-term to long-term memory. It is also involved in spatial navigation.

A part of the limbic system involved in processing emotions, especially fear and anxiety. It plays a crucial role in evaluating threats and triggering appropriate responses.

A mental disorder characterized by a range of symptoms including hallucinations, delusions, and impaired cognitive function. It affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves.

A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and feelings of hopelessness. It is often associated with decreased activity in the anterior limbic system.

A mood disorder characterized by extreme shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels, ranging from periods of mania or hypomania to episodes of depression.

A region in the left hemisphere of the brain primarily responsible for speech production and articulation. Damage to this area can result in difficulty speaking.

A region in the left hemisphere of the brain primarily responsible for language comprehension and understanding spoken and written language. Damage to this area can result in difficulty understanding language.

Specialised nerve cells that carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles, triggering movement.

They directly control the skeletal muscles (the ones that make you move) by sending signals to make them contract.

They control the muscle spindle, a sensory organ within the muscle that helps to sense changes in muscle length.

Automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli that are controlled by the spinal cord, not the brain. Examples include withdrawal reflexes and stretch reflexes.

A reflex that quickly moves a body part away from a painful stimulus to prevent injury.

A reflex that quickly moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

The reflex response occurs on the same side of the body as the stimulus.

The reflex response occurs on the opposite side of the body from the stimulus.

A reflex arc involving multiple synapses between the sensory input and motor output.

Increasing the number of motor units involved in a reflex response, leading to a greater contraction force.

Stretch reflex can be monosynaptic or polysynaptic. Monosynaptic reflexes are simpler and involve only one synapse, while polysynaptic reflexes involve multiple synapses.

Gamma motor neurons control the tension within the intrafusal muscle fibers of the muscle spindle, ensuring the spindle remains sensitive during muscle contraction.

Stretch reflex resists changes in muscle length, contributing to muscle tone and postural control.