Motivational Concepts in Management
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of intensity in motivation?

  • How hard a person tries (correct)
  • The orientation that benefits the organization
  • The goal a person is trying to achieve
  • How long a person can maintain effort

    • According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a need is fully gratified once it is substantially satisfied.

    False

    What is the highest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

    Self-actualization

    The second level of need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs is concerned with ________________________.

    <p>Safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of direction in motivation?

    <p>The orientation that benefits the organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy with their descriptions:

    <p>Physiological needs = hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs Safety needs = security and protection from physical and emotional harm Social needs = affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship Esteem needs = internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motivation is only concerned with achieving a goal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of motivation?

    <p>The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to expectancy theory, what is the final link in the motivation process?

    <p>Rewards-goals relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High achievers are motivated by external rewards.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key to expectancy theory?

    <p>The understanding of an individual’s goals and the linkage between effort and performance, between performance and rewards, and finally, between the rewards and individual goal satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to expectancy theory, an employee will exert a high level of effort if they perceive that there is a strong relationship between effort and _______________, performance and rewards, and rewards and satisfaction of personal goals.

    <p>performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following motivation theories with their descriptions:

    <p>Self-determination Theory = Internally driven motivation McClelland's Needs Theory = Motivation based on personal needs Expectancy Theory = Motivation based on effort, performance, and rewards Reinforcement Theory = Motivation based on rewards and punishments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extrinsic rewards are a type of intrinsic motivation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McClelland's theory, what is the abbreviation for the need to make others behave in a way they would not have behaved otherwise?

    <p>nPow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Self-Determination Theory, people prefer to feel they have no control over their actions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Self-Determination Theory?

    <p>People prefer to feel they have control over their actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals high in ___________ enjoy being 'in charge' and strive for influence over others.

    <p>nPow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following motivational theories with their descriptions:

    <p>Self-Determination Theory = People prefer to feel they have control over their actions. McClelland's Needs Theory = Proposes three needs: achievement, affiliation, and power. Intrinsic Motivation = Motivation that comes from within an individual. Extrinsic Rewards = Rewards that are external to the individual, such as money or recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of McClelland's Needs Theory?

    <p>It is too expensive to measure the three needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McClelland's Needs Theory, individuals high in the need for achievement tend to be good managers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to motivation when a previously enjoyed task starts feeling like an obligation?

    <p>Motivation is undermined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise?

    <p>Need for Power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind McClelland's Theory Of Needs?

    <p>People have different needs that drive their behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to motivation when a previously enjoyed task starts feeling like an obligation?

    <p>Motivation decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals high in the need for power?

    <p>They strive for influence over others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of McClelland's Needs Theory?

    <p>It is time-consuming and expensive to measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the need for achievement associated with?

    <p>Personal responsibility and feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Self-Determination Theory?

    <p>People prefer to feel they have control over their actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between need for power and managerial success?

    <p>Need for power is closely related to managerial success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory?

    <p>Methodology is limited and reliability is questioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of McClelland's Theory of Needs?

    <p>Three needs: achievement, power, and affiliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abbreviation for the need to achieve in McClelland's Theory of Needs?

    <p>nAch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of eliminating job dissatisfaction factors according to Herzberg's theory?

    <p>Neither job satisfaction nor dissatisfaction is guaranteed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of factors do managers need to emphasize to motivate people according to Herzberg's theory?

    <p>Intrinsic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of high achievers according to McClelland's Theory of Needs?

    <p>They perform best when they perceive their probability of success as 50-50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of job satisfaction according to Herzberg's theory?

    <p>Job dissatisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory?

    <p>Hygiene and motivation factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary relationship that the rewards-personal goals aspect of expectancy theory is concerned with?

    <p>The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for effort to lead to good performance in expectancy theory?

    <p>The individual must have the requisite ability to perform, and the performance appraisal system must be perceived as being fair and objective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final link in the expectancy theory model?

    <p>The rewards-goals relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of individuals are internally driven as long as their jobs provide them with personal growth?

    <p>High achievers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key to expectancy theory?

    <p>Understanding the employee's personal goals and the linkage between effort and performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What predicts an employee will exert a high level of effort according to expectancy theory?

    <p>A strong relationship between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and satisfaction of personal goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is influenced by certain factors in expectancy theory?

    <p>Each of the relationships (effort-performance, performance-rewards, rewards-goals) in expectancy theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aspect of expectancy theory concerned with the degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs?

    <p>The rewards-personal goals relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that influences the goal-performance relationship, according to goal-setting theory?

    <p>Task characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of goal-setting theory that makes it more adapted to North American cultures?

    <p>Emphasis on individual achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for goal commitment to occur, according to goal-setting theory?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of becoming more confident in one's abilities because of seeing someone else perform the task?

    <p>Vicarious modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the state of being energized and motivated to complete a task, according to self-efficacy theory?

    <p>Arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to goal-setting theory, when are goals more effective in improving performance?

    <p>When tasks are simple and independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between goal-setting theory and management by objectives?

    <p>Participation is used in goal-setting theory but not in management by objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the effectiveness of group goals, according to goal-setting theory?

    <p>National culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of direction in motivation?

    <p>The orientation that benefits the organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

    <p>Self-actualization needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next need that becomes dominant when a lower level need is substantially satisfied?

    <p>The next level of need in the hierarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of persistence in motivation?

    <p>How long a person can maintain effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third level of need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

    <p>Social needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to motivation when a previously enjoyed task starts feeling like an obligation?

    <p>Motivation decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of individuals high in the need for achievement?

    <p>They set realistic goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of McClelland's Theory Of Needs?

    <p>The needs for achievement, affiliation, and power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Motivational Concepts

    • Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
    • The three key elements of motivation are:
      • Intensity: how hard a person tries to achieve a goal
      • Direction: the orientation that benefits the organization
      • Persistence: how long a person can maintain their effort

    Early Theories of Motivation

    • Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
      • Physiological needs (hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, etc.)
      • Safety needs (security and protection)
      • Social needs (affection, belongingness, acceptance, friendship)
      • Esteem needs (self-respect, autonomy, achievement, status, recognition)
      • Self-actualization needs (growth, achieving one's potential, self-fulfillment)
    • As a need becomes substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant
    • McClelland's Theory:
      • Three needs: need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power
      • Need for achievement is closely related to personal responsibility and feedback
      • Need for power is the desire to have impact, be influential, and control others
    • McClelland's theory has the best research support, but is impractical due to the difficulty of measuring the needs

    Self-Determination Theory

    • People prefer to feel they have control over their actions
    • Intrinsic motivation is undermined when a previously enjoyed task feels like an obligation
    • Rewards-personal goals relationship is crucial for motivation

    Expectancy Theory

    • The key to motivation is understanding an individual's goals and the linkage between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and individual goal satisfaction
    • Expectancy theory predicts that an employee will exert effort if they perceive a strong relationship between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and satisfaction of personal goals
    • Factors influencing expectancy theory include ability, performance appraisal system, and rewards-goals relationship

    Motivation Theories

    • Need for achievement is predicted by personal responsibility, feedback, and an intermediate degree of risk, strongly motivating high achievers.

    • A high need to achieve does not necessarily make someone a good manager, especially in large organizations.

    • Need for power (nPow) is the desire to have impact, be influential, and control others, characterized by a desire to be "in charge" and strive for influence over others.

    McClelland's Theory of Needs

    • The theory proposes that three needs are subconscious: need for achievement (nAch), need for power (nPow), and need for affiliation.

    • Measuring these needs is not easy, typically done through a time-consuming and expensive process involving a trained expert presenting pictures to individuals and scoring their responses.

    Self-Determination Theory

    • The theory proposes that people prefer to feel in control over their actions, and anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel like an obligation will undermine motivation.

    • Intrinsic factors (advancement, recognition, responsibility, and achievement) are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors (supervision, pay, company policies, and working conditions) are related to job dissatisfaction.

    • Removing dissatisfying characteristics from a job does not necessarily make the job satisfying; job satisfaction factors are separate and distinct from job dissatisfaction factors.

    Herzberg's Theory

    • The theory proposes that hygiene factors (extrinsic factors) must be adequate to prevent dissatisfaction, but to motivate people, managers must emphasize factors intrinsically rewarding that are associated with the work itself or outcomes directly derived from it.

    • Criticisms of Herzberg's theory include methodological limitations, questionability of reliability, and assuming a relationship between satisfaction and productivity.

    Expectancy Theory

    • The theory predicts that an employee will exert a high level of effort if they perceive a strong relationship between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and satisfaction of personal goals.

    • Each of these relationships is influenced by certain factors, including ability to perform, fairness of the performance appraisal system, and the rewards-goals relationship.

    Goal-Setting Theory

    • The theory proposes that specific goals increase performance, difficult goals result in higher performance than easy goals, and feedback leads to higher performance than non-feedback.

    • Contingencies in goal-setting theory include goal commitment, task characteristics, and national culture.

    • Goal-setting theory is culture-bound and well-adapted to North American cultures, where individual achievement and performance are highly valued.

    Self-Efficacy Theory

    • The theory proposes that self-efficacy is influenced by four characteristics: enactive mastery, vicarious modeling, verbal persuasion, and arousal.

    • Self-efficacy is a key factor in motivation, as it determines an individual's confidence in their ability to achieve a goal.

    Motivation Definition

    • Motivation is the process that accounts for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

    • The three key elements of motivation are intensity (how hard a person tries), direction (orientation that benefits the organization), and persistence (how long a person can maintain their effort).

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • The theory proposes that human beings have a hierarchy of five needs, which include physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

    • As a need becomes substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant, and no need is ever fully gratified.

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    Description

    Learn about the three key elements of motivation, including intensity, direction, and persistence. Understand how these elements contribute to an individual's effort towards achieving a goal.

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