Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to McClelland's theory, which level of the organisation tends to have a strong drive for affiliation?
According to McClelland's theory, which level of the organisation tends to have a strong drive for affiliation?
- Top-level management
- Middle management
- Lower-level employees (correct)
- All levels equally
What is a key characteristic of people in middle management according to McClelland's theory?
What is a key characteristic of people in middle management according to McClelland's theory?
- Low need for self-actualization
- Strong drive for affiliation
- Strong drive for power
- Considerable achievement needs (correct)
What is a primary motivator for people at the top of an organisation according to McClelland's theory?
What is a primary motivator for people at the top of an organisation according to McClelland's theory?
- Need for achievement
- Need for self-actualization
- Need for power (correct)
- Need for affiliation
Why do friendships and mutual understanding become important for lower-level employees?
Why do friendships and mutual understanding become important for lower-level employees?
What is a key difference between lower-level employees and middle managers according to McClelland's theory?
What is a key difference between lower-level employees and middle managers according to McClelland's theory?
Why do middle managers tend to downplay their need for affiliation according to McClelland's theory?
Why do middle managers tend to downplay their need for affiliation according to McClelland's theory?
What is the primary objective of time and motion study in the context of scientific management?
What is the primary objective of time and motion study in the context of scientific management?
What is a key aspect of scientific management according to Taylor and his followers?
What is a key aspect of scientific management according to Taylor and his followers?
What was a key finding of Elton Mayo's Hawthorne studies?
What was a key finding of Elton Mayo's Hawthorne studies?
What is NOT a key principle of scientific management?
What is NOT a key principle of scientific management?
What is a key benefit of providing good working conditions according to scientific management?
What is a key benefit of providing good working conditions according to scientific management?
What is the primary focus of scientific management?
What is the primary focus of scientific management?
What is the primary reason why top people in an organization cannot have close relationships with their subordinates?
What is the primary reason why top people in an organization cannot have close relationships with their subordinates?
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, what is the primary function of motivators?
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, what is the primary function of motivators?
What is the main criticism of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
What is the main criticism of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
According to McClelland, what is the relationship between needs and levels in an organization?
According to McClelland, what is the relationship between needs and levels in an organization?
What is the primary characteristic of Theory Y, according to McGregor?
What is the primary characteristic of Theory Y, according to McGregor?
What is the main difference between Herzberg's motivators and hygiene factors?
What is the main difference between Herzberg's motivators and hygiene factors?
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Study Notes
McClelland's Theory of Needs
- David McClelland's theory proposes that human beings have three types of needs: need for affiliation, need for power, and need to achieve
- Need for affiliation: human beings need meaningful relationships, and one of the places to seek these relationships is in the work situation
- Need for power: some people are driven by a need to make a strong impression on people and events
- Need to achieve: many people strive for progress, promotion, and a sense of getting on
Needs and Organisational Hierarchy
- People at lower levels of the organisation often have a strong drive for affiliation
- Those in the middle of the organisational hierarchy have considerable achievement needs
- People high up in the organisation tend to have a strong drive for power and a wish to make an impact on events
Scientific Management
- Focuses on planning jobs, establishing best practices, and providing good working conditions
- Uses time and motion study to determine the best way to perform tasks
- Emphasises the importance of proper training to improve production performance and build employee confidence
- Offers bonus payments and incentive schemes to give workers a sense of progress
Human Relations Approach
- Challenges the utilitarian view of man as a purely rational economic creature
- Finds that many work-related problems arise due to people's need for affiliation and sense of belonging
- Emphasises the importance of integrating individuals into their work roles
Herzberg's Motivators and Hygiene Factors
- Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory argues that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are caused by separate factors
- Motivators (e.g., recognition, achievement, growth) ensure job satisfaction
- Hygiene factors (e.g., salary, working conditions) only prevent job dissatisfaction
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
- Douglas McGregor's typology presents two opposing views of employee behaviour
- Theory X views employees as lazy and unmotivated, requiring close supervision
- Theory Y views employees as motivated and responsible, capable of self-direction and self-control
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