Motivation Theories in Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What is one way to increase the motivating potential of a job according to Hackman and Oldham?

Reducing autonomy

Increasing meaningfulness (correct)

Limiting feedback

Enhancing workload

Which of the following best describes intrinsic motivation?

Incentives like money or praise

Motivation driven by enjoyment (correct)

A need for social approval

Reward from external factors

In McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory, the need for achievement is primarily satisfied by what?

Gaining social status

Being productive and accomplishing goals (correct)

Forming social connections

Receiving financial rewards

What does Locke’s Goal Setting Theory emphasize on to influence motivation?

Commitment to SMART goals Signup and view all the answers

Which component of Vroom’s Expectancy Theory refers to the expectation of a person to successfully complete a task?

Expectancy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory?

Positive reinforcement encourages desired behavior Signup and view all the answers

What primarily fulfills the need for affiliation according to the content?

Forming meaningful relationships and supportive teams Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions best illustrates negative reinforcement?

Removing an unpleasant consequence after achieving a goal Signup and view all the answers

Which type of power is derived from possessing special knowledge, skills, and expertise?

Expert Power Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of exchange in organizational relationships emphasize?

A give-and-take dynamic Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario describes being under-rewarded in terms of equity?

Feeling one’s outcome/input ratio is less favorable than others Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes leaders from managers according to the content provided?

Not all managers are leaders Signup and view all the answers

Which type of power involves the ability to motivate through admiration or friendship?

Referent Power Signup and view all the answers

Which type of control uses shared values, norms, and goals to achieve its objectives?

Clan Control Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of feedforward control?

Anticipating potential problems Signup and view all the answers

Which financial ratio measures a company's ability to cover its short-term obligations?

Current ratio Signup and view all the answers

What does the balance scorecard control focus on?

Multiple aspects including financial, customer, and employee metrics Signup and view all the answers

Which type of control corrects problems as they happen?

Concurrent Control Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of conflict within teams?

Scarcity of resources Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'Group Think' refer to?

The tendency to seek consensus over alternatives Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key step in the 4-Step Communication Process?

Sender filters the information Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a 'Devil's Advocate' in team discussions?

To challenge existing ideas and promote critical thinking Signup and view all the answers

What is typically considered a barrier to effective communication?

Sound noise disruption Signup and view all the answers

Which type of communication channel skips hierarchical levels?

Informal communication Signup and view all the answers

The process of transferring information includes which of the following components?

Sender, message, encoding, receiver Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of communication is described by 'semantic problems'?

Cultural differences affecting understanding Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of the Value Chain model?

It may oversimplify complex processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inventory includes raw materials that have not yet been processed?

Raw Materials Signup and view all the answers

What does TQM aim to achieve in an organization?

To seek continuous improvement in work systems Signup and view all the answers

According to Deming, what largely determines individual performance?

Systemic or organizational factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best defines data in the context of performance monitoring?

Data must be interpreted to have value. Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is NOT part of the performance evaluation process?

Monitoring costs Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the Value Loop?

It emphasizes sustainability through connections. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of responding accordingly in performance management?

An ongoing activity involving stakeholders Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Job Motivation

Hackman and Oldham emphasize increasing job meaningfulness, autonomy, and feedback to enhance motivating potential.
Motivation can be classified into two types: intrinsic (derived from enjoyment) and extrinsic (external factors like praise and money).

McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory

Framework identifying learned needs: achievement, power, and affiliation.

Need for Achievement

Derived from being productive and reaching goals.
Locke’s Goal Setting Theory emphasizes SMART goals and the impact of commitment on motivation.
Merton’s Self-Fulfilling Prophecy highlights self-efficacy and how expectations affect performance.
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory links motivation to expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory focuses on operant conditioning and includes positive/negative reinforcement and the concept of extinction.

Need for Affiliation

Satisfied by forming strong relationships and teamwork.
Organizational commitment involves the desire for learning and support from peers.
Principles of exchange frame relationships as give-and-take.

Need for Power

Relates to control and influence over others.
Different forms of power include legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, and referent power.

Need for Equity

Desires fair treatment and recognition based on contributions.
Equity theory involves comparing personal input/output ratios with others to assess fairness.

Leadership

Effective leaders influence others toward success, emphasizing that leaders can be developed.
Distinction between leading (influencing) and managing (administering).

Teams and Communication

Groups are defined by affiliation; teams focus on achievement and interdependence.
Team development may involve conflicts arising from individual traits and roles.
Groupthink is a phenomenon where consensus overrides consideration of alternatives.

Communication Process

Involves transferring information and consists of four main steps: identification, encoding, decoding, and feedback.
Communication barriers include noise and semantic issues.
Richness of communication media varies between formal, informal, and grapevine channels.

Control Mechanisms

Control ensures alignment with organizational values and standards.

Control Process

Establish key performance standards, selectively identify control priorities.
Monitor performance through meaningful data versus raw facts.
Evaluate performance against established goals, incorporating Total Quality Management principles for ongoing improvement.
Responding to evaluation findings is an integral part of the control process.

Control Tools

Types of control systems include bureaucratic (rules and authority), market (pricing dynamics), and clan (shared values).
Control types include feedforward (preventative), concurrent (corrective in real-time), and feedback (post-event correction).

Budget and Financial Control

Budgets serve as a primary managerial control tool; consist of financial and non-financial aspects.
Financial ratios assess performance in terms of liquidity, activity, profitability, and productivity.

Balanced Scorecard Control

Encourages a holistic view of performance through financial, customer, and employee perspectives.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of motivation theories including Hackman and Oldham's suggestions for enhancing job satisfaction. Delve into intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation and McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory focusing on achievement, power, and affiliation. This quiz will help solidify your understanding of these essential psychological principles.