Motivation Theories and Instincts

Motivation Overview

• Motivation involves physiological and psychological factors influencing behavior in a specific way at a certain time.
• Three key characteristics when motivated include being energized, directing energies toward a goal, and having varying intensities of feelings about that goal.
• Erik Weihenmayer, as a blind person, climbed Mount Everest in 2001
• Erik Weihenmayer summited Mount Kosciuszko in 2002, completing his seven-year journey to climb the Seven Summits.

Theories of Motivation

• Instincts are innate tendencies or biological forces determining behavior.
• McDougall listed instincts like combat, curiosity, sympathy, and self-assertion, which explain motivation.
• Fixed action patterns is an innate biological force that predisposes an organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence of a specific environmental condition.
• McDougall might have explained Erik's motivation to climb as arising from instincts involving curiosity and self-assertion.

Brain Reward/Pleasure Center

• The reward/pleasure center includes brain areas like the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area.
• Neurotransmitters, especially dopamine, are involved in the reward/pleasure center.
• The brain's neural circuitry produces rewarding and pleasurable feelings
• Cocaine produces pleasure by activating the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area.
• Erik may climb because such behavior activates the brain's reward/pleasure center.
• Motivation to climb may come from psychological factors, gaining incentives, or fulfilling expectations

Incentives

• Incentives are goals that can be objects or thoughts that we learn to value and are motivated to obtain.
• Many behaviors are motivated by grades, praise, money, clothes, or academic degrees as incentives.
• Incentives pull or motivate individuals to obtain them
• There is always room for dessert due to incentives
• Erik's motivation to climb involves incentives, such as national media recognition, speaking invitations, money, sponsorships, and book sales.
• Cognitive factors play a role in Erik's motivation.

Cognitive Factors

• Extrinsic motivation involves behaviors that reduce biological needs or help obtain incentives/external rewards.
• Intrinsic motivation involves behaviors personally rewarding or fulfilling beliefs/expectations.
• Cognitive researchers suggest that runners run marathons for no reward other than a T-shirt.

Human Motivation Explanation Factors

• Three factors that combine to determine motivation, for example running a marathon or ordering a pizza include:
• Certain behaviors triggering the brain's reward/pleasure center.
• Intrinsic factors like wanting to reach certain goals, to obtain incentives that have value.
• Motivation is difficult to explain due to the many factors involved.
• Emotional factors (anger, fear, happiness) or personality factors (outgoing shy, uninhibited) can cause motivation.
• A main function of emotions is to satisfy of biological and social needs.

Biological and Social Needs

• Biological needs are physiological requirements critical for survival and well-being.
• A dozen biology needs includes food, water, sex, oxygen, sleep, and pain avoidance.
• Genetic Defects affect biological needs.
• The Prader-Willi syndrome affects children, and they are unable to feel full.
• In families with fatal familial insomnia they stop sleeping in their fifties, causing them to lose ability to walk, speak, and think over a period of months, resulting in coma and death.
• Proper regulation of biological needs is critical for healthy physiological functioning and survival
• Psychological factors can interfere with the regulation of biological needs.
• Anorexia nervosa, a rare eating disorder, includes self-starvation
• Eating disorders show how psychological factors can override basic biological needs.
• Social needs are acquired through learning and experience, such as the needs for achievement, affiliation, fun relaxation, helpfulness, independence, and nurturance.
• Marriage satisfies social needs, including affiliation, nurturance, and achievement.
• Forming lasting and positive attachments is vital to health and psychological well-being.

Satisfying Needs and Maslow's Hierarchy

• There is an ascending order in Maslow's hierarchy of needs
• Biological needs are at the bottom, and social needs are at the top in Maslow's hierarchy.
• Biological need s must be satisfied before social needs when comparing Maslow's hierarchy

The Level's Of Needs in Maslow's Hierarchy

• Level 1 Physiological Needs: Food, Water, Sex and Sleep must be satisfied before Level 2.
• Level 2 Safety Needs: Protection from harm, it's important to live in a safe environment. Once achieved advance to Level 3.
• Level 3 Love and belonging: Affiliation and acceptance from others. After finding love advance to level 4
• Level 4 Esteem Needs: Achievement, Competency, Approval and Recognition. People focus mostly on establishing their careers, and achieving their goals in early and middle adulthood. Once skills develop, and social recognition, move to Level 5.
• Level 5 Self-Actualization: Fulfillment of one's unique potential. If not achieved frustrations occur. Maslow believes very few achieve this, as its very difficult and challenging.

Hunger and Optimal Weight

• Many animals, like fat wolves, have a biological system to maintain their optimal, or ideal, weights.
• Optimal or ideal weight is the perfect balance between how much food is eaten and needed.
• Wild animals eat only to replace fuel used so they rarely get fat.
• Animals in the wild use up a lot of energy in finding food.
• Home pets may get fat because they have few opportunities to burn off food/calories.
• A calorie is simply a measure of how much energy food contains.
• Foods high in fats (pizza, cheeseburgers, french fries, donuts), are more calories than protein (fish, eggs) or carbohydrates (vegetables, fruits, grains).

Overweight and Obesity

• Overweight is being 20% over the ideal body weight.
• Obesity means being 30% or more above the ideal body weight.
• American youths increasing in rates for overweight (34%) and obese (20%).
• Fifty to eighty percent of the youths will have weight problems through adulthood.
• "Turkey Nutrition and Health Survey-2017" report shows that obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) at age 15 plus was found to be 31.5% overall.
• 39.1% in women and 24.6% in men for obesity
• The prevalence of overweight (BMI: 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) at age 15 and above was found to be 34.0% overall.
• The levels were 27.6% in women and 39.9 in men for being overweight
• Overweight or obese shortens life span, increases risk for heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, clogged arteries, and adult-onset diabetes.
• In the United States, medical spending on overweight/obese patients is $92.6 billion a year.

Hunger Factors

• Three hunger factors include: biological, psychosocial, and genetic.
• Biological hunger factors come from blood chemistry changes and digestive organ signals to the brain.
• Psychosocial hunger factors come from: snacking while watching TV; sociocultural thin pressures; and personality problems.
• Genetic hunger factors come from inherited instructions of fat cells or metabolic rates which push us toward being a weight

Biological Hunger Factors

• Konishiki is partly regulated by biological hunger factors, from peripheral and central cues
• Peripheral cues for hunger come from the stomach, liver, intestines, and fat cells.
• Central cues for hunger come from the brain
• Organs in digestion and blood sugar (glucose) regulate signals of fullness/hunger .
• The stomach secretes ghrelin hormone carrying “hunger signals” to the brain’s hypothalamus.
• The master control for hunger regulation is the hypothalamus.
• The liver monitors glucose (sugar) level in the blood. If glucose (blood sugar) falls, the liver sends "hunger signals."
• The intestines secrete ghrelin carrying "hunger signals" to the hypothalamus, increasing appetite.
• Hormone PYY carries "full signals" to the hypothalamus, decreasing appetite.
• Fat cells secrete hormone leptin, which acts on the brain's hypothalamus. If leptin levels are falling, the hypothalamus increases appetite:if leptin levels are increasing, it decreases appetite.
• The brain has cells that collectively are called the hypothalamus
• A group of cells regulates different kinds of motivations.
• Regulation of thirst, sexual behavior, sleep, intensity of emotional reactions, and hunger is included in a different kind of motivation.
• The part of the hypothalamus in feelings of being hungry is the lateral hypothalamus.
• The part in feelings of being full is the ventromedial hypothalamus.

Genetic Hunger Factors

• They come from inherited set of genes
• This determines the number of fat cells, or the metabolic rates of burning the body's fuel
• This pushes everyone toward being normal, overweight. or underweight.
• Genetic factors in weight regulation are inherited
• There ar certain fat cells used for storage, a defined metabolic rate, and a a set point to ensure a stable amount of body fat.
• Dieters may lose weight for the first few weeks, but then the body lowers its metabolic rate. which protects fat stores.
• Long-term dieting is unsuccessful due to protecting fat stores
• Weight-regulating genes influence appetite, metabolism, and hormone secretion like brain chemical, neuropeptide Y.

Psychosocial Hunger Factors

• These factors are the same as learned associations between food and stimuli
• This can be snacking when watching tv, and eating because it's lunchtime
• If foods smell good, our friends are eating, or portions are large, then we may overeat.
• Obesity rates vary across the globe: Japan (4%); Italy (10%); France (11%); Germany (14%); UK (24%)
• Obesity rates vary across the globe: The United States (34%) (OECD, 2009), and Czech Republic has sauge for 45% of women obese.
• Personality/Mood Factors: Depression, dislike of body image, and low self-esteem
• It influences eating disorders like overeating when stressed/depressed or starving oneself (anorexia nervosa).

Biology Of Sexual Behavior

• Human sexual behavior is influenced by genetic, psychological, and biological factors.
• Genetic factors are inherited instructions, hormonal changes, and neural circuits controlling sexual reflexes.
• Psychological factors explain reasons for sexual behavior/difficulties not based on physical/medical
• Factors that regulate the secretion of sex hormones are the role of secondary sexual characteristics.
• The development of OVA and sperm, and control the female menstrual cycle are called biological factors.
• Genetic sex factors includes the 23rd chromosome, (called sex chromosome), determining the sex of the child.
• Biological sex factors include sex hormones: androgens in males; and estrogens in females.
• Psychological sex factors are the individual's gender identity, gender roles, and sexual orientation.

Additional Factors On Sexuality

• Twins sexual orientation indicates influence of genetic factors.
• If young boys prefers girls playing and opposite behaviors, then they tend to develop a homosexual orientation
• This happens because psychological factors are in control of their sexual orientation.
• HIV positive defined as if there has been an infection of the human immunodeficiency virus.
• AIDS means that the person's level of T-cells (CD4), has dropped to 200/cubic milliliter.
• Genetic factors do not necessarily determine sexual orientation indicates the influence psychological factors.
• There are two kinds of sexual problems that are called.
• Paraphilias are objects of clothing that are nonhuman objects of the sexual.
• Sexual dysfunctions is when there is a problem of arousal.
• When a person seeks help for sexual problems the person and physician should check whether the causes are physiological or psychological.

Cultural Diversity

• Gentital cutting where some cultures cut away the women's genitalia.
• Girls comply with the dangerous procedure to gain status, and comply with norms.
• Many feminists fight sexual mutilization after finding lots of men and women approve.
• In 2002, Kenyan president banned genital cutting but it is still practiced in regions.

Factors of Achievement

• Social needs, need for control, affect acheivement through learning and experience.
• Demonstrating through social needs is achieved by:
• Working to achieve academic success.
• Desire to set goals/ persist at their face of obstacles.
• Its also a concern to students through college and ranks high in Maslow's needs.

Achievement Factors

• Three components of success: Desire for achievement, fear of failure, and psychological Factors.
• Measurements of the need for achievement include Thematic Appreciation Test
• Tests of this nature have low reliability
• Achievement includes setting goals, setting realistic goals, working long and attracting careers
• Michael Phelps trains almost all day and has a high desire for achievement.

Fear Of Failure and Underachievement

• People who are motivated, may either be easy, or very challenging and fail.
• The person needs more to get self-handicapping and look better.
• An example:
• A persons who is smart but perform less are called underachievers.
• Self esteme and not liking depressed is a psychological character to be underacheivers
• They also fail often
• Underachivement is not reated to class level.

Cognitive Infleunces

• Cognitive factors in motivation refer to perceive this situation where it influence williness
• To love work need positive feedback, and you must feel you help the overall process.
• Dedication is to science helps in motivation and the tasks it can turn into a hobby for that
• To help your body reduce biological needs to be motivated.
• Giving unexpected feedbadk does not decreas but to see success they must expect
• To better the work give positive feedback.
• External work in project work may dercrease or increase their motivation
• Some schools eductate students how to non cognitive skills and patience affects success.
• Healthy food makes people have less medical problems
• Anorexai nervosa and bulima is because some do fear being weight and distrubed

Eating Disorder Diet Treatments

• Reduce cortisol levels to reduce stress levels, hunger, and visceral fat storage through exercise"
• Reduce Ghrelin Leves: to lower to hunger, eat protein, stop at night, and get more sleep.
• Reduce insilulin to help leptin reistance to eat better sugar and fiber.
• Add peptiade increase to eat fibe, wait 20 min, and eat smaller prtions of approriate size.

Reason For Eating

• Compilsice reasons, lack in the brain causes stress.
• 5htp helps for this reason.
• People think on the ANterior area causing overeating.
• Lack of dont change or focus right.

Reasosn For Over Eating cont

• Also lack of Dopamine can affect being disorganize and impulsve
• Poison, drinking too much and other lack of frontla region helps eat.
• Never give serotinin to this person.
• Peopel lack what they are looking.
• People need to take doctor with under a docorts supervision
• And the are more comon to alcoholics
• Emotional is a lack of limb and mood problems thta need supelements, and can not see pleasure.

Ending With over Eating

• It can get out of hand if its to much, and to help stop be shy.
• Anitay, headaces, muscle and stress all this can lead.
• Music helps with the cognivie side to get back on track.