Motivation Theories in Psychology Class
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Questions and Answers

What does reciprocal determinism suggest about the relationship between behavior, personal factors, and the environment?

  • They only affect behavior, not personal factors or environment.
  • They influence each other in a linear fashion.
  • They mutually influence one another interactively. (correct)
  • They operate independently without interaction.

Which of the following best defines self-efficacy?

  • An evaluation of one's emotional worth.
  • The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations. (correct)
  • The understanding of how one behaves in social settings.
  • A measure of one's personality traits.

Self-esteem refers to which of the following?

  • A judgment of oneself and their worth. (correct)
  • The understanding of social interactions.
  • The ability to cope with stress effectively.
  • A stable pattern of individual behavior.

What are trait theories primarily concerned with?

<p>Identifying consistent characteristics influencing behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality trait is associated with organization and dependability?

<p>Conscientiousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Big Five Theory, emotional stability is often referred to as what?

<p>Neuroticism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is used in personality research to identify clusters of related traits?

<p>Factor analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is openness to experience characterized in personality psychology?

<p>By imagination and curiosity towards new experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Drive-Reduction Theory?

<p>To restore homeostasis by reducing physiological deficits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs must be satisfied first?

<p>Physiological needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Arousal Theory, what is the effect of too high of arousal on performance?

<p>Performance declines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Sensation-Seeking Theory involves a desire for new and challenging experiences?

<p>Adventure seeking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motivation is primarily driven by the desire for external rewards or incentives?

<p>Incentive Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological need is characterized by the desire for close and meaningful relationships?

<p>Belongingness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes intrinsic motivations such as personal growth and fulfillment?

<p>Self-Determination Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law explain about performance and arousal?

<p>There is a balanced level of arousal for optimal performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes intrinsic motivation?

<p>Engagement for personal satisfaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of conflict occurs when an individual must choose between two desirable options?

<p>Approach-Approach Conflict (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for signaling hunger?

<p>Ghrelin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the broaden-and-build theory, what do positive emotions typically do?

<p>Encourage open-mindedness and exploration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of denial as an ego defense mechanism?

<p>Ignoring a serious health issue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the facial-feedback hypothesis suggest about emotions?

<p>Facial expressions can influence emotional experience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conflict type involves being drawn to and repelled by the same option?

<p>Approach-Avoidance Conflict (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines the preconscious mind?

<p>Memories easily accessed but not actively thought about (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sublimation refer to in ego defense mechanisms?

<p>Redirecting impulses into socially acceptable activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of humanistic psychology?

<p>The uniqueness and potential of the individual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the unconscious mind?

<p>Processes beyond conscious awareness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does social-cognitive theory highlight as crucial factors in behavior?

<p>Individual beliefs, values, and social context (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves redirecting emotional impulses to a safer target?

<p>Displacement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does arousal relate to emotions according to one theory mentioned?

<p>Arousal and emotions occur simultaneously and independently (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Drive-Reduction Theory

The theory that we are driven to reduce internal tension caused by physiological needs, like hunger or thirst, to maintain a state of balance.

Homeostasis

A state of physiological balance, where our body functions optimally.

Arousal Theory

A motivational theory suggesting that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness, seeking to increase or decrease arousal depending on the situation.

Incentive Theory

A theory suggesting that behavior is motivated by the desire for external rewards or incentives, such as money, praise, or recognition.

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Belongingness

An innate human desire to form and maintain meaningful relationships.

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Self-Determination Theory

A theory suggesting that motivation stems from intrinsic factors like personal growth and fulfillment, or extrinsic factors like rewards and recognition.

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Self-Actualization

The highest level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, characterized by creativity, spontaneity, and acceptance.

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

The idea that performance increases with arousal, but only up to a point, after which it declines.

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Intrinsic Motivation

Behavior driven by internal rewards like satisfaction, enjoyment, or achievement.

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Extrinsic Motivation

Behavior motivated by external rewards or pressures like money, grades, or approval.

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Approach-Approach Conflict

A psychological struggle when choosing between two desirable options.

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Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A psychological struggle when choosing between two undesirable options.

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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A psychological struggle when drawn to and repelled by the same option.

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Ghrelin

A hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates appetite.

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Leptin

A hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger.

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Elicitors

Stimuli or events that trigger an emotional response.

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Arousal Comes Before Emotion

The theory that emotions follow bodily arousal.

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Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotions.

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Psychodynamic Theory

The theory that personality is shaped by unconscious forces, internal conflicts, and defense mechanisms.

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Preconscious Mind

Thoughts and feelings not in conscious awareness but easily accessible.

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Unconscious Mind

Thoughts and feelings beyond conscious awareness that significantly influence behavior.

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Projective Tests

Tools used to assess personality by eliciting responses that reveal unconscious content.

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Ego Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and threats.

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Self-Efficacy

The belief in one's own ability to succeed in a specific situation or accomplish a task.

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Self-Esteem

A person's overall subjective emotional evaluation of their own worth; a judgment of oneself.

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Self-Concept

An individual's perception of themselves, encompassing self-awareness and evaluation of their role in relation to others.

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Trait Theories

A set of stable characteristics called traits that consistently influence how a person thinks and behaves.

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Personality Inventories

A standardized test used to assess and measure personality traits and characteristics through self-report questionnaires.

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Factor Analysis

A statistical method used to identify clusters of related items (factors) in a set of data. It helps understand the underlying structure of a set of variables.

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Big Five Theory

A theory that suggests personality is made up of five broad dimensions: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Emotional Stability (Neuroticism).

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Reciprocal Determinism

The individual's behavior, personal factors (like thoughts and emotions), and environment influence each other interactively.

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Study Notes

Drive-Reduction Theory

  • Behavior is motivated by the need to reduce internal drives (e.g., hunger, thirst) arising from physiological deficits.
  • Aims to restore homeostasis, a state of physical equilibrium.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • A hierarchical model with physiological needs at the base (e.g., food, sleep).
  • Needs must be met sequentially.
  • Self-actualization, esteem, and belonging needs are higher-level needs.

Arousal Theory

  • Individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness/arousal.
  • Seeking to increase arousal when low and decrease it when high to enhance performance and well-being.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

  • Performance increases with arousal up to a point.
  • Excessive arousal leads to decreased performance.

Sensation-Seeking Theory

  • Motivation is driven by the need for varied, novel, and intense experiences.

Components of Sensation Seeking:

  • Thrill seeking: Desire for intense and exciting experiences; often involves risk.
  • Adventure seeking: Desire for new and challenging experiences; often involves physical activity and exploration.
  • Boredom susceptibility: Intolerance for repetitive or monotonous experiences, prompting the pursuit of novel activities.

Incentive Theory

  • Behavior is motivated by the desire for external rewards (e.g., money, praise).

Belongingness

  • An innate human need to form close, meaningful relationships.

Self-Determination Theory

  • Motivation can be intrinsic (internal) or extrinsic (external).

Intrinsic Motivation

  • Engaging in activities for their own sake driven by internal rewards like satisfaction and enjoyment.

Extrinsic Motivation

  • Engaging in behavior due to external rewards or pressures like money or approval.

Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory

  • Describes psychological struggles during decision-making.

Types of Conflicts:

  • Approach-approach conflict: Choosing between two desirable options.
  • Avoidance-avoidance conflict: Choosing between two undesirable options.
  • Approach-avoidance conflict: Being drawn to and repelled by the same option.

Eating Motivation

  • A complex behavior involving physical and mental processes.
  • Hormones like ghrelin (stimulates appetite) and leptin (inhibits hunger) are key regulators.

Emotion and Arousal

  • Arousal comes before emotion (the James-Lange theory).

  • Facial feedback hypothesis: Facial expressions affect emotions.

  • Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously and independently.

  • Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: Emotions and arousal occur simultaneously.

  • Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion: Arousal + cognitive interpretation = Emotion.

Broaden-and-Build Theory of Emotion

  • Positive emotions broaden our thinking, leading to greater strength. Negative emotions do the opposite.

Universal Emotions

  • Certain emotional expressions are similar across cultures.

Display Rules

  • Cultural norms dictate how, when, and where emotions should be expressed.

Psychodynamic Theory

  • Personality shaped by unconscious forces, internal conflicts, and defense mechanisms, developed by Freud. Focuses on childhood experiences and unconscious drives.

Components of the Mind:

  • Preconscious mind: Contains accessible thoughts and feelings.
  • Unconscious mind: Contains processes and memories beyond awareness.

Projective Tests

  • Tools used to assess personality by eliciting responses revealing unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Ego Defense Mechanisms

  • Unconscious strategies protecting the ego from anxiety and threats.

Examples of Ego Defense Mechanisms (List only)

  • Denial, Displacement, Projection, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, Regression, Repression, Sublimation

Humanistic Psychology

  • Emphasizes the whole person and their uniqueness, focusing on self-growth and unconditional positive regard.

Unconditional Regard

  • Acceptance and love without conditions, fostering self-acceptance.

Self-Actualizing Tendency

  • Innate drive to realize full potential.

Social-Cognitive Theory

  • Behavior shaped by interaction between social context, personal factors (beliefs, feelings), and behavior itself.

Reciprocal Determinism

  • Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence each other interdependently.

Self-Concept

  • An individual's perception of themselves.

Self-Efficacy

  • Belief in one's ability to succeed.

Self-Esteem

  • Overall subjective evaluation of worth.

Trait Theories

  • Personality made up of stable traits, consistently influencing thoughts and behaviors.

Personality Inventories

  • Standardized tools to measure personality traits.

Factor Analysis

  • Statistical method identifying clusters of related items (factors).

Big Five Theory

  • Five broad dimensions (traits) of personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability (neuroticism).

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Description

Explore various motivation theories including Drive-Reduction, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Arousal Theory, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law. This quiz tests your understanding of how these theories explain human behavior and motivation. Challenge your knowledge on the essential components of sensation-seeking and its impact on performance.

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