Motivation and Emotion Chapter 9

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Questions and Answers

What is motivated behavior?

Energized, directed, and sustained

What is homeostasis?

The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium or steady state

Explain the Drive Reduction Theory.

A need is a physical/biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation—a drive is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need (a psychological itch that requires scratching.)

Describe the Yerkes Dodson Law.

<p>The psychological principle states that performance is best under conditions of moderate stress rather than either low or high stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the biological causes of hunger?

<p>Hunger pangs accompanied by stomach contractions (A), The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) helps start the digestion of food and signals us to stop eating (B), The hormone insulin plays a role in glucose control (C), Leptin, released by fat cells, decreases food intake (D), Low levels of glucose in the blood (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the hypothalamus involved in hunger?

<p>The hypothalamus plays a role in processing emotional responses to food. (A), The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating hunger and satiety signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of intrinsic motivation?

<p>Exercising regularly to improve your physical fitness (A), Volunteering at an animal shelter because you care about animals (B), Working hard on a project because you enjoy the challenge (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

<p>Basic needs must be met before higher needs can be satisfied Physiological (food sleep), Safety (safe place, job health, family), Love/Bonding (friendship, family, sexual intimacy), Esteem (Self-esteem, confidence, respecting others), Self-Actualization (Morality, creativity, problem-solving etc)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe self-actualization.

<p>Self-Actualization—motivation to develop to our fullest potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe self-determination theory.

<p>Three basic innate needs Competence Self-efficacy (belief you can accomplish a goal), mastery, expectations for success Autonomy Independence and self-reliance, the sense that we are in control of our lives Relatedness Warm relations with others, need to belong</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy?

<p>The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the facial feedback hypothesis and how this affects a person's emotions.

<p>The idea is that facial expressions can influence emotions and reflect them</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the nervous system reacts when the human body is subjected to stress?

<p>The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)--Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system--flight or flight!</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define emotion.

<p>A feeling/affect that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an emotion theory?

<p>Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion.

<p>The theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.

<p>The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Two Factor Theory of emotion.

<p>Schanchter and Singer’s theory that emotion is determined by two factors: physiological and cognitive labeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primacy debate as it relates to emotions.

<p>Richard Lazarus The primacy of thinking--how we think determines our emotions. (feeling unhappy if we fail to achieve a goal, because of how we think about that failure) Robert Zajonc Emotions are primary and our thoughts are a result of them--the way we feel about something on a “gut level” requires no thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is most related to fear?

<p>The amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is emotion related to culture?

<p>Expression of emotions are similar across cultures--display rules (when, where, how) do vary across cultures.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain display rules.

<p>Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the broaden and build model.

<p>Fredrickson’s model of positive emotion, states that the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual’s attention and ability to build resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the positive and negative affect?

<p>Positive and negative emotions can be high or low in arousal Examples of high arousal: ecstasy and excitement (pos), rage, fury, panic (neg) Examples of low arousal: contentment and tranquility (pos), irritation and boredom (neg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Motivated Behavior

Behavior that is energized, directed, and sustained.

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment.

Drive Reduction Theory

Physiological needs create drives that motivate us to reduce those needs.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Optimal performance occurs under moderate arousal.

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Biological Hunger Causes

Hunger is influenced by the hypothalamus and blood chemistry.

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Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation from external rewards or punishments.

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Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation from internal enjoyment and interest.

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Maslow's Hierarchy

Basic needs must be met before higher-level needs.

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Self-Actualization

Motivation to reach one's full potential.

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Self-Determination Theory

Three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

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Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed.

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Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Facial expressions can influence emotions.

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Stress Response System

The HPA axis and nervous system respond to stress.

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Emotion

Feeling involving arousal, experience, and expression.

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James-Lange Theory

Emotions follow physiological responses.

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Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously.

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Two-Factor Theory

Emotions are a combination of arousal and cognitive label.

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Primacy Debate

Thinking vs feeling in causing emotional responses.

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Amygdala

Brain structure linked to fear and emotion.

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Culture and Emotion

Emotional expression similar across cultures, but display rules vary.

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Display Rules

Societal norms for expressing emotions.

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Broaden-and-Build Model

Positive emotions build resources and broaden thinking.

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Positive and Negative Affect

High and low arousal levels for positive or negative emotions.

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Study Notes

Motivation and Emotion (Chapter 9)

  • Motivated Behavior: Energized, directed, and sustained.
  • Homeostasis: The body's tendency to maintain equilibrium or a steady state.
  • Drive Reduction Theory: A need (biological deprivation) creates a drive (aroused state) that motivates behavior to reduce the deprivation.
  • Yerkes-Dodson Law: Optimal performance occurs under moderate stress; low or high stress hinders performance.
  • Biological Hunger Causes:
    • Hypothalamus: Influences hunger.
    • Stomach contractions: Hunger pangs.
    • Cholecystokinin (CCK): Signals to stop eating.
    • Blood chemistry: Low glucose triggers hunger; insulin controls glucose; leptin from fat cells decreases food intake.
  • Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation:
    • Intrinsic: Innate abilities & enjoyment (e.g., liking art).
    • Extrinsic: Incentives/rewards & punishments (e.g., working for a paycheck).
  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Basic needs must be met before higher needs can be addressed:
    • Physiological (food, sleep)
    • Safety (security, health)
    • Love/belonging (friendship, intimacy)
    • Esteem (self-worth, confidence)
    • Self-actualization (full potential)
  • Self-actualization: Motivation to reach one's full potential.
  • Self-Determination Theory: Three innate needs:
    • Competence: Mastery & self-efficacy (belief in ability).
    • Autonomy: Independence & control.
    • Relatedness: Warm relationships & belonging.
  • Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to achieve goals.
  • Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Facial expressions influence and reflect emotions.
  • Stress Response System: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (fight-or-flight).
  • Emotion Definition: Feeling involving physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression.
  • Emotion Theories:
    • James-Lange: Emotion is a consequence of physiological arousal.
    • Cannon-Bard: Emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.
    • Two-Factor (Schachter-Singer): Emotion is a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.
  • Primacy Debate (Emotions):
    • Lazarus: Thoughts precede emotions.
    • Zajonc: Emotions are primary, with thoughts following.
  • Fear and the Brain: Amygdala.
  • Emotion and Culture: Emotional expression is similar across cultures, but display rules vary.
  • Display Rules: Sociocultural guidelines for expressing emotions appropriately.
  • Broaden-and-Build Theory: Positive emotions broaden attention and build resources.
  • Positive and Negative Affect: High/low arousal positive/negative emotions (e.g., ecstasy vs. boredom).

Stress (Chapter 14.4)

  • [Note: Specific content from Chapter 14.4 is not provided in this initial segment. Ask about that in a separate question]

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