Morphine's Pharmacological Actions on CNS

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What is the primary effect of morphine on the respiratory centre?

Increase in tidal volume

Depression of the respiratory centre in a dose-dependent manner (correct)

Stimulation of the respiratory centre

Increase in respiratory rate

What is the characteristic of sedation caused by morphine?

Drowsiness, indifference to surroundings and to own body (correct)

Motor incoordination and ataxia

Loss of appetite and increased heart rate

Apparent excitement and anxiety

What is the cause of death in morphine poisoning?

Cardiac arrest

Seizure activity

Respiratory failure (correct)

Hypertensive crisis

What is the effect of morphine on the mood of patients in pain or anxiety?

Euphoric effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the respiratory system in healthy individuals?

No cognizable respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the smooth muscle?

Contraction of smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the urinary system?

Decreased urine output Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the gastrointestinal system?

Decreased gut motility Signup and view all the answers

What is a prominent feature of morphine's action on the GIT?

Constipation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on urine volume?

Decreases urine volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on blood vessels?

Vasodilatation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on cardiac work?

Decreases cardiac work Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on intracranial tension?

Increases intracranial tension Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the tone of the duodenum and colon?

Increases the tone Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on gastrointestinal secretions?

Decreases gastrointestinal secretions Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on postural blood pressure?

Decreases postural blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the defecation reflex?

It causes inattention to the defecation reflex Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the tone of the detrusor and sphincter muscles in the urinary bladder due to morphine?

The tone of both muscles is increased Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the biliary tract?

It causes spasm of the sphincter of Oddi Signup and view all the answers

What is the oral bioavailability of morphine?

1/6 to 1/4 of parenterally administered drug Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of morphine metabolism?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the bronchi?

It releases histamine, which can cause bronchoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

What is the plasma half-life of morphine?

2-3 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of enterohepatic circulation in morphine elimination?

Small amounts of morphine may persist due to enterohepatic circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the cough centre?

It is depressed Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the vasomotor centre?

It is depressed at higher doses Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)?

It is stimulated Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the Edinger Westphal nucleus of the III nerve?

It is stimulated Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the vagal centre?

It is stimulated Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the release of GABA by hippocampal interneurones?

It is decreased Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the release of ACTH, FSH, and LH?

It is decreased Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the release of GH and prolactin?

It is increased Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of morphine on the gastrointestinal system?

Decrease in intestinal motility Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the urinary system?

Increase in urinary retention Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the smooth muscles?

Contraction of the smooth muscles Signup and view all the answers

How does morphine affect the respiratory system?

Depresses the respiratory centre Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of morphine in the CNS?

Interaction with μ opioid receptor as a full agonist Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the visceral pain?

Relieves dull, poorly localized visceral pain better Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing the dose of morphine on analgesia?

Increases the degree of analgesia Signup and view all the answers

How does morphine affect the perception of pain?

Decreases the unpleasantness of pain Signup and view all the answers

Which opioid receptor is associated with analgesia, respiratory depression, and euphoria?

Mu Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Buprenorphine?

Partial/weak mu agonist and kappa antagonist Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the withdrawal syndrome caused by the cessation of opioids?

Withdrawal syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the likelihood of an individual to continue using opioids despite negative consequences?

Abuse liability Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of Naloxone?

Pure antagonist at mu opioid receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of opioid agonist-antagonists?

They have both agonist and antagonist effects on opioid receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of death in morphine poisoning?

Respiratory failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific antidote for morphine overdose?

Naloxone Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of repeated morphine use on tolerance and dependence?

High degree of tolerance and dependence Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of buprenorphine's action at μ receptors?

Partial agonistic action Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for morphine poisoning?

Gastric lavage and respiratory support Signup and view all the answers

What happens when naloxone is administered to a patient taking buprenorphine?

It partially reverses buprenorphine's effects but does not precipitate withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the urinary system?

Urinary retention Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for buprenorphine's lower abuse liability compared to morphine?

Its partial agonistic action at μ receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action of naloxone in treating morphine overdose?

Short duration of action Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of buprenorphine's withdrawal syndrome?

It is mild and delayed Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between buprenorphine and morphine in terms of tolerance and dependence?

Buprenorphine has a lower degree of tolerance and dependence Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of naloxone?

As an antagonist at opioid receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Tramadol compared to Morphine?

It causes less respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of Tramadol?

3-5 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the dose of Tramadol for children?

1-2 mg/kg Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication of Opioid analgesics?

Severe pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Tramadol on haemodynamics?

It has minimal effects on haemodynamics Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Tramadol?

Opioid and non-opioid mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Why is morphine contraindicated in head injury patients?

It increases intracranial tension, which worsens the patient's condition Signup and view all the answers

Which population is more susceptible to urinary retention when administered morphine?

Elderly males Signup and view all the answers

What is the potency of codeine compared to morphine?

Codeine is 1/10th as potent as morphine Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of phenothiazines and tricyclic antidepressants on morphine?

They potentiate the action of morphine Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action of a single oral dose of codeine?

4-6 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for codeine?

Cough suppression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern about morphine that limits its use?

Its high abuse liability Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for morphine withdrawal?

Substitution with oral methadone followed by gradual withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of morphine withdrawal in dependent subjects?

Marked drug seeking behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of morphine?

Bronchial asthma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the high relapse rate among post-addicts?

Difficulty in maintaining abstinence Signup and view all the answers

Morphine's Pharmacological Actions on CNS

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of morphine on the respiratory centre?

What is the characteristic of sedation caused by morphine?

What is the cause of death in morphine poisoning?

What is the effect of morphine on the mood of patients in pain or anxiety?

What is the effect of morphine on the respiratory system in healthy individuals?

What is the effect of morphine on the smooth muscle?

What is the effect of morphine on the urinary system?

What is the effect of morphine on the gastrointestinal system?

What is a prominent feature of morphine's action on the GIT?

What is the effect of morphine on urine volume?

What is the effect of morphine on blood vessels?

What is the effect of morphine on cardiac work?

What is the effect of morphine on intracranial tension?

What is the effect of morphine on the tone of the duodenum and colon?

What is the effect of morphine on gastrointestinal secretions?

What is the effect of morphine on postural blood pressure?

What is the effect of morphine on the defecation reflex?

What happens to the tone of the detrusor and sphincter muscles in the urinary bladder due to morphine?

What is the effect of morphine on the biliary tract?

What is the oral bioavailability of morphine?

What is the primary site of morphine metabolism?

What is the effect of morphine on the bronchi?

What is the plasma half-life of morphine?

What is the significance of enterohepatic circulation in morphine elimination?

What is the effect of morphine on the cough centre?

What is the effect of morphine on the vasomotor centre?

What is the effect of morphine on the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)?

What is the effect of morphine on the Edinger Westphal nucleus of the III nerve?

What is the effect of morphine on the vagal centre?

What is the effect of morphine on the release of GABA by hippocampal interneurones?

What is the effect of morphine on the release of ACTH, FSH, and LH?

What is the effect of morphine on the release of GH and prolactin?

What is the primary effect of morphine on the gastrointestinal system?

What is the effect of morphine on the urinary system?

What is the effect of morphine on the smooth muscles?

How does morphine affect the respiratory system?

What is the primary mechanism of action of morphine in the CNS?

What is the effect of morphine on the visceral pain?

What is the effect of increasing the dose of morphine on analgesia?

How does morphine affect the perception of pain?

Which opioid receptor is associated with analgesia, respiratory depression, and euphoria?

What is the characteristic of Buprenorphine?

What is the term for the withdrawal syndrome caused by the cessation of opioids?

What is the term for the likelihood of an individual to continue using opioids despite negative consequences?

What is the action of Naloxone?

What is the characteristic of opioid agonist-antagonists?

What is the primary cause of death in morphine poisoning?

What is the specific antidote for morphine overdose?

What is the effect of repeated morphine use on tolerance and dependence?

What is the characteristic of buprenorphine's action at μ receptors?

What is the primary treatment for morphine poisoning?

What happens when naloxone is administered to a patient taking buprenorphine?

What is the effect of morphine on the urinary system?

What is the reason for buprenorphine's lower abuse liability compared to morphine?

What is the duration of action of naloxone in treating morphine overdose?

What is the characteristic of buprenorphine's withdrawal syndrome?

What is the difference between buprenorphine and morphine in terms of tolerance and dependence?

What is the use of naloxone?

What is a characteristic of Tramadol compared to Morphine?

What is the half-life of Tramadol?

What is the dose of Tramadol for children?

What is the primary indication of Opioid analgesics?

What is the effect of Tramadol on haemodynamics?

What is the mechanism of action of Tramadol?

Why is morphine contraindicated in head injury patients?

Which population is more susceptible to urinary retention when administered morphine?

What is the potency of codeine compared to morphine?

What is the effect of phenothiazines and tricyclic antidepressants on morphine?

What is the duration of action of a single oral dose of codeine?

What is the primary indication for codeine?

What is the primary concern about morphine that limits its use?

What is the treatment for morphine withdrawal?

What is a common feature of morphine withdrawal in dependent subjects?

What is a contraindication for the use of morphine?

What is the primary reason for the high relapse rate among post-addicts?

What is the effect of morphine on the respiratory system in patients with respiratory insufficiency?