Moral Development Quiz

The tendency for infants to exhibit a consistent pattern of behaviors, emotions, and reactions to stimuli.

A research method used to study infant development and perception. It involves repeatedly exposing infants to a stimulus until they become bored, then introducing a new stimulus to see if they notice the change.

A reflex that occurs in infants when they experience the sensation of falling. It involves spreading out their arms and legs, as if to brace for impact.

A cognitive error that contributes to depression. It involves overemphasizing the negative aspects of life events and minimizing the positive.

A complex mental state characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness, loss of interest, irritability, fatigue, and other symptoms that significantly affect daily functioning.

A type of psychotherapy that focuses on identifying, understanding, and challenging negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to depression.

A therapeutic approach that focuses on understanding the relationship between stimuli, organism, response, and consequences of behavior. This analysis helps therapists to identify factors that trigger unwanted behaviors and develop strategies for change.

A behavioral therapy technique that focuses on learning through association. It includes Classical Conditioning (pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus) and Operant Conditioning (using reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior).

A therapeutic technique where the therapist helps the client challenge and change their negative thoughts by examining the evidence that supports and contradicts these thoughts.

A psychological approach that emphasizes the influence of early childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts on personality development.

A specific type of bias in which individuals are more likely to perceive a target as holding a weapon, especially if the target is Black.

A phenomenon where an individual's expectations about another person influence their behavior towards that person, ultimately causing the person to act in a way that confirms those expectations.

A cognitive process where individuals apply stereotypes to individual members of a group, creating exceptions to the overall stereotype.

A theory of personality that posits that personality is composed of three dimensions: Psychoticism, Extroversion, and Neuroticism.

An approach to studying personality that attempts to identify universal laws of behavior that apply to all individuals.

The primitive, instinctual component of the human psyche that operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.

Delusions of grandeur refer to false beliefs about one's own importance, power, knowledge, or identity. People experiencing these delusions often believe they have special abilities, connections, or relationships with famous people.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in motivation, reward, and pleasure. It has been implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia, indicating that disruptions in the dopamine system may contribute to the development of the disorder.

Alogia and avolition are two negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Alogia refers to a reduction in speech, while avolition is a lack of motivation and goal-directed behavior. Think of them as a loss of words and will.

The diathesis-stress model suggests that schizophrenia is not solely caused by genetics or environment but rather a combination of both. Individuals may have a vulnerability (diathesis) towards developing schizophrenia, but stress (stressors) may trigger the onset of the disorder.

Tangentiality is a thought disorder where the conversation drifts away from the original topic. This often occurs in schizophrenia, where the patient may jump from one unrelated idea to another.

Factor analysis is a statistical technique used to analyze the interrelationships between different variables. In intelligence testing, it helps determine the underlying factors or mental abilities that contribute to overall intelligence.

IQ scores based on mental age were problematic for adults because the formula assumed a constant rate of mental development, which is not true. As we age, our mental age does not increase at the same rate as our chronological age, leading to artificially low IQ scores for adults.

Raven's Progressive Matrices assess fluid intelligence. Fluid intelligence refers to our ability to reason, solve novel problems, and adapt to new situations. This type of intelligence is often considered 'G' factor, which is the general cognitive ability.

A stage of moral development where individuals judge right and wrong based on the consequences of their actions, focusing on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.

A stage of moral development where individuals understand and follow societal rules and laws, emphasizing conformity and maintaining social order.

A stage of moral development where individuals make ethical decisions based on their own principles and values, independent of societal norms.

A parenting style characterized by strict rules, high expectations, and limited child input in decision-making.

The ability of infants to understand language before they can produce it.

A type of speech error in which a child applies a word to a wider range of objects than is appropriate.

A period of time in development where it is crucial to be exposed to a certain stimulus for proper learning to occur.

A simplified form of speech that consists mostly of nouns and verbs, commonly used by children learning to talk.

A persuasion technique where you start with a large request that is likely to be rejected, then follow up with a smaller, more reasonable request that is more likely to be accepted.

A persuasion technique where you start with a small request that is easy to agree to, then follow up with a larger request that is more likely to be accepted.

A social norm that suggests we should return favors and show kindness to those who have been kind to us.

The tendency to conform to the opinions or behaviors of a group, even if those opinions or behaviors are incorrect.

A social phenomenon where people are more likely to comply with a request if they have received a gift or favor from the person making the request, even if the gift is small and unsolicited.

A commitment is more likely to be effective when it is active, effortful, public, and given voluntarily.

The finding that people are more likely to obey authority figures, even when those authority figures are instructing them to do harmful or unethical things.

One of James Marcia's identity statuses, where an individual accepts an identity that is chosen by others, without any exploration or questioning.

The tendency for individuals to focus more on nonverbal cues, like facial expressions, than on verbal content. This means we often pay more attention to how someone says something, rather than what they actually say.

The ability to understand and respond to the emotional states of others.

The idea that individuals often overestimate their uniqueness and distinctiveness, believing their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are more common than they actually are.

A model of ageing well that emphasises three factors: selection, optimisation, and compensation.

The process of making choices in life that align with individual values and priorities. It often involves prioritizing certain goals or activities over others.

The process of maximizing performance in the areas that are most important to the individual. It involves putting in effort and dedicating time to enhance skills and abilities.

The process of using strategies to compensate for age-related declines in functioning or abilities. It involves adapting to changes and finding new ways to achieve goals.

The tendency for individuals to become more selective in their social relationships, particularly as they age. They prefer to spend time with close friends and family members, creating a smaller but more meaningful social circle.