Moral Development and Prosocial Behavior
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary characteristic of moral realists according to Piaget's theory of moral development?

  • They consider social norms in their moral reasoning.
  • They make judgments based on the scale of damage. (correct)
  • They focus solely on the actions of protagonists.
  • They judge based on intentions rather than outcomes.

In which stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory do individuals start to consider social norms and intentions?

  • Concrete operational stage
  • Post-conventional stage
  • Conventional stage (correct)
  • Pre-conventional stage

How do children above the age of 7, classified as moral subjectivists, make moral judgments?

  • Following instincts without deliberation.
  • Using a strict reward and punishment system.
  • By assessing the motivations of others. (correct)
  • Based solely on the consequences of actions.

What was a primary finding of Hamlin et al. (2007) regarding infants and their preferences?

<p>Perception played a critical role in their choices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical aspect of moral dilemmas is highlighted in the content as being less common in everyday life?

<p>Choosing between selfish and selfless actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which finding is associated with the study by Smith, Blake, & Harris (2013) regarding children and sharing?

<p>Fairness endorsements solidified around ages 7-8. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg's moral development theory, what primarily defines the pre-conventional stage?

<p>Considering reward and punishment incentives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the research by Warneken & Tomasello (2006), what aspect of toddler behavior was examined?

<p>Their response to adult demonstrations of need. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is noted regarding the current theories of moral development?

<p>They do not adequately explain early moral intuition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of antisocial behavior variation is attributed to genetic factors?

<p>32% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the findings, which environmental factor has the highest percentage of influence on antisocial behavior?

<p>Environmental factors in general (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study found a correlation between watching violent TV at age 8 and aggression at age 19?

<p>Eron (1987) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary finding of the Liebert & Barron (1972) study regarding children's play behavior?

<p>Children exposed to violent TV displayed more aggression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains the learning of aggression through observation according to Bandura et al. (1962)?

<p>Social learning theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Thomas et al. (1977) find regarding children's emotional responses after watching violent TV?

<p>Children became desensitized and less emotionally responsive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT identified as an environmental influence on antisocial behavior?

<p>Genetic predisposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Eron (1987) tracked children over a span of how many years?

<p>20 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of TV programming was linked to increased aggression in children according to multiple studies?

<p>Violent TV shows (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coercive cycles in parenting were identified as a key factor influencing what aspect of behavior?

<p>Antisocial behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Experiment 2 in Hamlin et al. (2007) when the eyes were removed from the toys?

<p>Infants demonstrated no preference. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Smith, Blake, & Harris (2013), what did the findings indicate about the understanding of fairness in children?

<p>Children didn't follow fairness until ages 7-8. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of antisocial behavior variation is linked to environmental influences according to Rhee & Waldman (2002)?

<p>43% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did watching violent TV have on children in the study by Eron (1987)?

<p>It correlated with increased aggression at age 19. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key factor did Thomas et al. (1977) identify regarding children's emotional responses after viewing violent media?

<p>Desensitization leading to decreased emotional responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept explains how aggression is learned according to Bandura et al. (1962)?

<p>Social learning theory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was identified as a significant environmental influence on antisocial behavior?

<p>Parental coercive cycles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was observed in toddlers during Warneken & Tomasello's (2006) study regarding helping behavior?

<p>They spontaneously assisted adults in need. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did violent TV viewing have on children's social interactions according to Liebert & Barron (1972)?

<p>Heightened aggression in play. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the findings of Hamlin et al. (2007) regarding infants' preferences contribute to understanding moral intuition?

<p>Preference for helpers suggests an inherent moral sense. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Behavioral Genetics of Antisocial Behavior

The study of how genes and environment influence behavior.

Coercive Cycles

A repeated pattern of negative interactions between parents and children, where each person's behavior reinforces the other's negative behavior.

Peer Influence on Antisocial Behavior

The impact of peer groups on individual behavior.

Eron's Study

Investigates the long-term effects of watching violent TV.

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Liebert & Barron's Study

Children who watched violent TV were more likely to show aggression in play.

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Desensitization to Violence

Exposure to violent TV can make people less sensitive to violence in real life.

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Social Learning Theory

People learn to be aggressive by observing and imitating others.

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Link Between Violent TV and Aggression

Watching violent TV at an early age may increase chances of aggression and antisocial behavior later in life.

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Heritability of Antisocial Behavior

A measure of how much genes contribute to a trait.

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Environmental Influences on Antisocial Behavior

The study of how environments influence behavior.

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Morality

The understanding of the difference between right and wrong, encompassing both intuitive feelings and reasoned responses to moral dilemmas.

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Piaget's Theory of Moral Development

This theory proposes that children's moral judgments progress through distinct stages based on their cognitive development.

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Moral Realists

Children in this stage, typically under 7 years old, judge the severity of actions based solely on the extent of damage caused, regardless of intentions.

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Moral Subjectivists

Children in this stage, typically over 7 years old, start considering intentions behind actions when making moral judgments.

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Kohlberg's Stage Theory

This theory suggests that moral reasoning moves through a series of stages, progressing from simple reward/punishment considerations to complex ethical reasoning based on universal principles.

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Pre-conventional Stage (Kohlberg)

This stage focuses on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards as the primary determinants of right and wrong.

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Conventional Stage (Kohlberg)

This stage emphasizes adhering to social rules and expectations, considering what is socially approved.

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Post-conventional Stage (Kohlberg)

This stage involves critical thinking about moral principles, considering multiple viewpoints, and reasoning about ethical dilemmas.

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Prosocial Behavior

Actions like helping, sharing, and offering support, even at a personal cost.

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Antisocial Behavior

Actions that violate social norms or harm others, often driven by factors like aggression or selfishness.

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Early Moral Intuition

Babies as young as six months show a preference for characters who help others, demonstrating an early understanding of prosocial behavior.

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Helping Behavior in Toddlers

A study by Warneken and Tomasello found that 18-month-old toddlers spontaneously helped adults in need, suggesting that helping behavior is an innate and early developing trait.

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Sharing Behavior Development

Research by Smith, Blake, and Harris found that sharing behavior in children doesn't fully develop until around ages 7-8, showing it requires more cognitive reasoning than simple helping.

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Genetic and Environmental Influences on Antisocial Behavior

A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies found that 32% of the variation in antisocial behavior can be attributed to genetics, while 43% is due to environmental factors.

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Coercive Cycles in Parenting

This process involves a cycle of negative interactions between parents and children, where each person's negative behavior reinforces the other's. This contributes to the development of antisocial behavior.

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Long-Term Effects of Violent TV

Eron's longitudinal study tracked children from age 8 to 30, finding that those who watched violent TV at 8 were more likely to be aggressive at 19 and exhibit antisocial behavior at 30.

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Violent TV and Aggression

A study by Liebert and Barron found that children exposed to violent television were more likely to display aggression in their play compared to those who watched a sports event.

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Social Learning Theory of Aggression

This theory emphasizes learning aggressive behaviors by observing and imitating others, particularly in social contexts.

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Media Violence and Aggression

The observation that individuals' exposure to violence in media, particularly television, can contribute to their own aggressive behavior.

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Study Notes

Moral Development

  • Morality is the understanding of right and wrong.
  • Moral development involves intuitive responses versus reasoned judgments.
  • Piaget's theory examines how children judge the naughtiness of actions based on the developmental stage.
  • Moral realists (pre-operational stage, under 7): judge based on the extent of damage.
  • Moral subjectivists (concrete operational stage, over 7): judge based on the actors' intentions.
  • Kohlberg's theory proposes sequential stages of moral development, progressing from pre-conventional (reward/punishment), to conventional (social norms), to post-conventional (complex ethical reasoning).
  • Prosocial behaviour includes helping, sharing, and costly altruism, which are less common than selfish choices.
  • These theories do not fully explain early moral intuition.

Development of Prosocial Behaviour

  • Infant studies (Hamlin et al., 2007): Preverbal infants prefer helpers over hinderers. This preference is present when infants see the agents. But the preference disappears when the agents' faces are hidden, which indicates a role for perception.
  • Helping behaviour studies (Warneken & Tomasello, 2006): Toddlers (18 months old) spontaneously helped adults in need.
  • Sharing behaviour studies (Smith, Blake, & Harris, 2013): Children aged 3-8 endorse fairness but don't consistently act fairly until 7-8 years old.

Development of Antisocial Behaviour

  • Genetic and environmental influences (Rhee & Waldman, 2002): Roughly 32% of antisocial behaviour variation is attributed to genetics and 43% to environment.
  • Environmental influences include parenting (coercive cycles), peer influence, and media exposure (violent TV).

Causes of Aggression and Violence

  • Media influence (Eron, 1987): Exposure to violent TV at age 8 correlated with aggression at 19 and later antisocial behaviour (like criminality).
  • Media exposure (Liebert & Barron, 1972): Children exposed to violent TV shows demonstrated greater aggression during unsupervised play.
  • Media exposure (Thomas et al., 1977): Watching violence on TV made children less emotionally responsive (desensitized) to violence.
  • Social learning theory (Bandura et al., 1962): Aggression is learned by imitating observed behaviours.

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Explore the intricacies of moral development through the theories of Piaget and Kohlberg. This quiz dives into how children perceive morality at different stages and the emergence of prosocial behavior from infancy. Test your understanding of the foundational concepts of morality and altruism.

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