Moral Development Theories Quiz

Object Permanence Notes

• Better attention is linked to shorter looking time; better object permanence tests.
• Mothers with less education show a stronger association with object permanence.
• No significant differences in object permanence between genders.
• Fifty-eight children didn't demonstrate basic object permanence, maintaining a stare for 11.5 seconds.
• Tasks were balanced, starting with a "not-B" task.

Research Methods

• The Scientific Method: Hypothesis testing; predictions from observations or theoretical ideas.
• Variables:
  • Dependent Variable (DV): Outcome of interest
  • Independent Variable (IV): Variable manipulated or observed to influence DV.
  • Levels of variables: varying degrees. (e.g., high or low attention)
• Hypothesis: Statements of expected relationships between variables, offering a direction.
• Operationalizing Variables: Defining variables in measurable ways.
• Sampling and Representative Samples: Larger group, but selected to match target population traits.
• Measures:
  • Observational techniques (e.g., scales)
  • Surveys, questionnaires
  • Interviews
  • Standardized tests
  • Physiological Measures (e.g., blood pressure)
• Archival Records: Examining existing records for community information.
• Case Studies: Intensive study of individuals or contexts.
• Ethnography: Researchers immerse themselves in the community.

Research Designs

• Experimental: Measures cause and effect; controls variables. Independent variables' effects.
• Correlation: Examines relationships between variables; no causal inferences.
• Developmental: Studies changes over time.
  • Longitudinal: Followed over many years and multiple testing points.
  • Cross-sectional: Comparing different age groups at same time.
  • Sequential: Combining longitudinal and cross-sectional.
  • Microgenetic: Close observations over short period of behavior change.

Studies on Adopted Children and Twins

• Concordance Rate: Similarity in a trait between individuals.
• Behavioral Genetics: Studies the role of heredity in behavior.
• Twin Studies: Examining identical and fraternal twins to assess genetic influence.

Ethics in Research with Children and Adolescents

• Minimal risk
• Informed consent of the parents and child
• Right to withdraw from research
• Privacy and confidentiality of information

Social and Emotional Development

• Moral Identity: Sense of right and wrong.
• Cognitive Development: Reasoning about moral issues.
• Emotional Development: Emotions affecting moral decisions.
• Role of the Environment: Behaviorism, reinforcement for positive behaviors.

The Role of Emotional Development

• Emotions affect moral judgment and behavior.
• Prosocial and antisocial behaviors.
• Social Cognitive Theory: Imitation of others' behaviors.
• Innate Processes: Pre-programmed knowledge.
• Social Cognition (Theory of Mind): Understanding others' mental states.
• Cognitive Development: Understanding of principles and reasoning.
• Piaget Stages: Early moral development, with varying understanding of rules and authority.
• Kohlberg's Theory: Stages of moral reasoning.

Development of Self-Concept

• Infancy and Toddlers: Recognizing self in mirror (self-recognition); developing a sense of self.
• Preschoolers: Self-concept is concrete; self-esteem in terms of abilities and possessions.
• School-age children: Social comparison; refinement of self-concept; developing memories that give meaning over time.
• Adolescents: Development through physical, cognitive, and social changes. Ideal self comparison.

Self-Esteem During Childhood & Adolescence

• Preschoolers typically have high self-esteem.
• Self-esteem may fluctuate due to social comparison.
• Importance of self-esteem in school/social situations.

Media, Self-concept, and Self-Esteem

• Media exposure can affect self-image, but also encourage positive body image.
• Social media can also influence body perception.

Development of Secure Attachment

• Attachment is a crucial bond affecting later development.
• Important aspects include behaviors that allow exploration and reassurance when needed.
• Measuring attachment (Strange Situation): observations of child responses to parent's presence or absence, and reunion.
• Secure, Anxious-avoidant, Anxious-resistant and Disorganized attachment styles.
• Parental factors are crucial for secure attachment.
• Attachment in childhood and adolescence: link between attachment and later social/emotional development.

Culture and Co-Sleeping

• Cultural norms around childcare and sleeping arrangements influence child development.

Mother Employment

• Employed mothers may have some benefits to family finances, but studies suggest some negatives.

Family Systems

• Family is core context for child development.
• Family structure varies among cultures.
• Different relationships exist within families.

Socialization in Childhood and Adolescence

• Socialization is the process by which children adapt and learn from social interactions.
• Important roles include parents, siblings, and peers.
• Modeling behaviors and values is a critical component for socialization.

Parenting Strategies and Techniques

• Positive Discipline: Inductive discipline approaches child's understanding of expectations.
• Negative Discipline: Power assertion, control & manipulation from the parent to achieve desired outcomes.
• What about Spanking?: Efficacy; long-term impacts.

Parenting Styles

• Classifications of parent behaviors according to responsiveness and control levels.
• Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Uninvolved Parenting styles.
• Relation to child outcomes, such as empathy.

Methods Section

• Specific data collection to support the study.

Results

• Results of the study, and significant findings.

Discussion

• Summary of overall study; conclusions.