Monarchs, Dynasties, and Enlightenment
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Questions and Answers

What was a primary distinction between Eastern European absolute monarchs and their Western counterparts?

  • Eastern monarchs possessed stronger centralized bureaucracies.
  • Western monarchs had greater control over the nobility.
  • Eastern monarchs generally faced less resistance from the merchant class. (correct)
  • Western monarchs maintained larger standing armies.

The Estates-General in France under the absolute monarchs regularly convened to advise on and approve royal decrees.

False (B)

What key rights enshrined in the English Bill of Rights (1689) influenced subsequent declarations of rights in other countries?

freedom of speech in Parliament

The American Revolution was significantly motivated by grievances over taxation without ______, which spurred revolutionary action.

<p>representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following monarchs is most closely associated with the concept of an 'Enlightened Absolute' ruler?

<p>Frederick the Great of Prussia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The theory of the divine right of monarchy asserts that a monarch's authority comes directly from the people they govern.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each action to its impact on France:

<p>Louis XIV's building of Versailles = Created massive debt and resentment Napoleon's Napoleonic Code = Established a uniform system of law Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes = Led to emigration of skilled workers Napoleon's Continental System = Damaged European trade and angered other nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the long-term impact of the Hohenzollern monarchs on Prussia and later Germany?

<p>They fostered a tradition of strong militarism and bureaucratic efficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key event is associated with Bastille Day on July 14th, 1789, marking a significant moment in the French Revolution?

<p>storming of the Bastille</p> Signup and view all the answers

The document establishing the principle of limited government and serving as a foundation for English common law is known as the ______.

<p>Magna Carta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Joseph II's reforms in Austria were universally embraced by the population and nobility, leading to long-term stability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their roles during the era of revolutions and enlightenment:

<p>Toussaint L'Ouverture = Leader of the Haitian Revolution Simon Bolivar = Key figure in South American independence movements Napoleon Bonaparte = French military and political leader John Locke = Enlightenment philosopher</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Jacobin party negatively impact the French Revolution?

<p>Reign of Terror</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nation saw the rise of Robert Walpole, considered to be the first 'Prime Minister'?

<p>Great Britain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which European conflict, concluding in 1763, resulted in significant territorial changes in North America, particularly for Great Britain?

<p>The Seven Years' War/French and Indian War (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was distinctive about James Watt's invention of 1769 and what impact did it have?

<p>improved steam engine and powered the Industrial Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two houses in the English/British Parliament, how were the members chosen on each house, and what powers did Parliament have?

<p>The House of Lords and the House of Commons. The members of the House of Lords were hereditary peers or appointed, while the members of the House of Commons were elected. Parliament had the power to make laws, approve taxes, and hold the government accountable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 1700s, what two political parties formed in the House of Commons and what did each side support?

<p>The Whigs and the Tories. The Whigs generally supported constitutional monarchy and the interests of commerce, while the Tories supported the authority of the crown and the landed gentry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the Enlightenment Period begin, and what other revolutions did it begin?

<p>The Enlightenment Period began in the 18th century. It influenced the French Revolution and the American Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain in 1769?

<p>The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain due to factors such as abundant natural resources, a stable government, a strong financial system, and a culture of innovation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were the Latin American colonies ready to revolt and what were the reasons for their revolution?

<p>The Latin American colonies were ready to revolt due to factors such as Spanish mercantilist restrictions, social inequalities, Creole resentment of the Peninsulares, and the influence of Enlightenment ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the reasons the French Revolution began.

<p>The French Revolution began due to a combination of factors, including social inequality, economic hardship, Enlightenment ideas, and the weak leadership of Louis XVI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four ideas stated in the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, who wrote it, and what did it become?

<p>The four ideas are: (1) non-colonization, (2) non-intervention, (3) abstention from European wars, and (4) non-interference with existing colonies. It was written by John Quincy Adams under President James Monroe. It became a cornerstone of US foreign policy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two sides in the Second English Civil War (1642-1649), who won, and what happened to the losing side?

<p>The two sides were the Royalists (Cavaliers) and the Parliamentarians (Roundheads). The Parliamentarians won. Charles I (the losing side) was executed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was the Glorious Revolution different from the other wars that took place later in England?

<p>The Glorious Revolution was different because it involved minimal bloodshed and resulted in a constitutional monarchy with increased parliamentary power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Peter the Great help Russia? How did Catherine the Great help Russia?

<p>Peter the Great modernized Russia through military reforms, administrative reorganization, and westernization. Catherine the Great expanded Russia's territory and promoted Enlightenment ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened in the 'First and Second Phases of the French Revolution' from 1789-1799, and how did Napoleon end the First French Republic?

<p>The First Phase (1789-1792) involved the storming of the Bastille, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. The Second Phase (1792-1799) involved the Reign of Terror and the rise of the Directory. Napoleon ended the First French Republic by seizing power in a coup d'état.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were Eastern absolute monarchs different from the Western European monarchs?

<p>Eastern absolute monarchs, such as those in Russia and Prussia, had greater control over the nobility and relied more on coercion and military power than Western European monarchs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the Estes-General not allowed to meet regularly?

<p>The Estates-General was not allowed to meet regularly because French monarchs feared it would limit their power and challenge their authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What rights did the English/British receive in the English Bill of Rights (1689), and what country did they influence and why?

<p>The English Bill of Rights (1689) granted rights such as freedom of speech in Parliament, the right to petition the king, and protection from cruel and unusual punishment. It influenced the United States because it inspired the US Bill of Rights, because the US also valued limited government and individual rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the American Revolution (1775-183) fought, how did it influence the rest of the world, what other revolutions did it encourage, and what were the terms of 'the Treaty of Paris of 1783'?

<p>The American Revolution was fought due to grievances over taxation, representation, and British policies. It influenced the rest of the world by inspiring other revolutions, such as the French Revolution. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 recognized American independence and established the boundaries of the new nation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Louis XIV hurt France, and how did Napoleon help make it strong?

<p>Louis XIV hurt France through costly wars and extravagant spending. Napoleon helped make it strong through military victories, legal reforms, and economic policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Frederick II or Great, and the other Hohenzollern monarchs hurt Prussia, and later Germany?

<p>Frederick II (the Great) helped Prussia by strengthening its military and expanding its territory. Other Hohenzollern monarchs continued this trend, laying the foundation for a unified Germany.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Joseph II help Austria, and how did he hurt it?

<p>Joseph II helped Austria through reforms such as religious toleration and the abolition of serfdom. However, his reforms were often implemented too quickly and alienated powerful groups, leading to resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the results of the Latin American Revolutions?

<p>The results of the Latin American Revolutions were the independence of most Latin American colonies from Spain and Portugal, but also political instability, economic challenges, and social divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the leaders of the Jacobin Party, and how did they hurt the French Revolution?

<p>The leaders of the Jacobin Party included Maximillian Robespierre. They hurt the French Revolution through the Reign of Terror, which led to widespread violence and instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the results of the first three phases of the French Revolution?

<p>The results of the first three phases of the French Revolution included the abolition of feudalism, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, the Reign of Terror, and the rise of the Directory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Estes-General in France, how was it setup, and how much power or influence did it have governing or making decisions with the monarchy?

<p>The Estates-General in France was a representative assembly of the three estates of the realm: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. It was set up to advise the king, but it had limited power. It could be summoned by the king, but the king was under no obligation to take its advice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much power did Parliament have in making decisions or governing in England/Great Britain? How did it control the monarchs they considered themselves to be absolute rulers? How did the monarchs control Parliament?

<p>Parliament had significant power in making decisions or governing in England/Great Britain. It controlled the monarchs by the power of the purse (controlling finances). The monarchs controlled Parliament through patronage, bribery, and manipulating elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did mercantilism help Louis XIV? How did he hurt France's economy?

<p>Mercantilism helped Louis XIV by providing revenue for the state through tariffs, colonial exploitation, and the promotion of domestic industries. He hurt France's economy through costly wars, extravagant spending, and inefficient regulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Europeans use Native Americans as slaves? Why did they start using Africans as slaves?

<p>Europeans used Native Americans as slaves due to their availability and knowledge of the land. They started using Africans as slaves because Native American populations were decimated by disease and warfare, and Africans were seen as more resistant to European diseases and better suited for forced labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were European monarchs alike? How were they different?

<p>European monarchs were alike in that they all sought to consolidate their power and maintain social order. They were different in their methods, the extent of their power, and their relationship with the nobility and other social groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Enlightened absolute

A ruler who exercises absolute power but is influenced by Enlightenment ideas.

The Enlightenment Period

An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries advocating reason and individualism over tradition.

Divine right of monarchy

The belief that a monarch's authority comes directly from God.

Catherine the Great

The Russian empress who expanded her country and embraced Enlightenment ideas.

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Louis XIV of France

Known as the Sun King, he ruled France with absolute power for 72 years.

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The Glorious Revolution

The bloodless overthrow of King James II of England in 1688.

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John Locke

An Enlightenment philosopher who argued for natural rights and government by consent.

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Tennis Court Oath

A vow by members of the Third Estate not to disband until a constitution was established in France.

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Causes of Latin American Revolutions

Colonies sought independence due to social inequality, economic exploitation, and Enlightenment ideas.

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Four ideas of Monroe Doctrine

  1. No European intervention in Americas, 2) Western Hemisphere is for Americans, 3) U.S. neutrality in Europe, 4) U.S. will oppose further colonization.
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English Civil War sides

Parliamentarians (Roundheads) vs Royalists (Cavaliers); Parliamentarians won, leading to execution of Charles I.

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Glorious Revolution significance

It was a non-violent transition of power in England, unlike other bloody uprisings.

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First and Second Phases of French Revolution

Phase one saw the rise of a republic; phase two sparked Reign of Terror, ending with Napoleon's rise.

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English Bill of Rights influence

Established parliamentary supremacy and individual rights, inspiring revolutions like the American Revolution.

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Mercantilism and Louis XIV

Mercantilism enriched France but also led to economic strain and mismanagement under Louis XIV's reign.

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Effects of Latin American Revolutions

Led to independence from Spain, but resulted in unstable governments and social challenges.

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Benevolent/Enlightened monarch

A ruler who implements reforms for the good of the people while maintaining absolute power.

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The Stuart Dynasty

A royal house that ruled England from 1603 to 1714, known for conflicts with Parliament.

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The Hapsburg Dynasty

A powerful royal family that ruled over many European territories, including Austria.

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The Bourbon Dynasty

A prominent royal house that ruled France and Spain, notably during the era of absolute monarchy.

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The Hohenzollern Dynasty

The ruling family of Prussia that played a major role in European politics.

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Peter the Great

Russian tsar known for westernizing Russia and expanding its territory in the late 17th century.

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Maria Theresa

The only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions, known for her reforms and strong rule.

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Frederick the Great

King of Prussia who led the nation through wars and reform, enhancing its status in Europe.

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The Cortes

The legislative assembly in Spain, representing different estates of society.

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The Diet of Poland

The legislative assembly in Poland; key in decision-making in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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The Huguenots

French Protestants known for their persecution in the predominantly Catholic France.

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William III and Mary II of Great Britain

Joint monarchs whose reign marked the Glorious Revolution and constitutional monarchy.

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The 1707 Act of Union

Legislation that unified England and Scotland into Great Britain.

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Jean Baptiste Colbert

French minister who promoted mercantilism and economic reform under Louis XIV.

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The Parliament

The supreme legislative body in the UK, consisting of House of Commons and House of Lords.

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The Estates-General

The traditional legislative assembly in France, representing three estates of society.

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Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Roundheads during the English Civil War, later became the Lord Protector.

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Robert Walpole

Considered the first prime minister of Great Britain, overseeing government during early 18th century.

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George III of Great Britain

King during the American Revolution, marked by colonial tensions.

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The Treaty of Paris (1783)

Agreement that ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized American independence.

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James Watt and 1769

James Watt improved steam engine efficiency in 1769, fueling the Industrial Revolution.

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Creoles or Crillos

People of European descent born in the colonies of Latin America, often seeking independence.

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General Santa Anna

Mexican general and politician known for his role in the Texas Revolution.

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Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution against French colonial rule.

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Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan leader who played a key role in Latin American independence movements.

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Jose de San Martin

Argentine general and key figure in South America's successful struggle for independence.

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The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas, written by President Monroe.

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The Declaration of Independence (1776)

Document declaring the American colonies' independence from Britain, authored by Thomas Jefferson.

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Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette of France

King and queen of France executed during the French Revolution due to their tyranny.

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Jacobin Party

Radical political group during the French Revolution, known for their role in the Reign of Terror.

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Study Notes

Terms and Concepts

  • Enlightened absolute: A monarch exercising absolute power, supposedly incorporating Enlightenment ideas of reason and progress.
  • Benevolent/Enlightened monarch: A just ruler prioritizing their people's well-being, aligned with Enlightenment ideals.
  • Second English Civil War: A conflict in England following the first English Civil War.
  • Enlightenment Period: Historical period emphasizing reason and individual rights.
  • Divine right of monarchy: Belief that monarchs derive authority directly from God.
  • Theory of Divine right(of Monarchy): The belief that royal authority comes directly from God.
  • Hohenzollern Dynasty: A prominent European royal family.
  • Bourbon Dynasty: A prominent European royal family.
  • Hapsburg Dynasty: A prominent European royal family.
  • Stuart Dynasty: A prominent European royal family.
  • Peter the Great/Catherine the Great: Key Russian monarchs known for reforms and expansion.
  • Maria Theresa/Frederick the Great: Key rulers in the Austrian and Prussian empires.
  • Cortes: Spanish legislative body.
  • Diet of Poland: Polish legislative assembly.
  • Huguenots: French Protestants.
  • William III and Mary II of Great Britain: Joint monarchs of England.
  • 1707 Act of Union: Legislation uniting England and Scotland.
  • Jean-Baptiste Colbert: French finance minister.
  • Oliver Cromwell: English military and political leader.
  • Robert Walpole: First British Prime Minister.
  • George III of Great Britain: British monarch.
  • Louis XIV of France: Absolute monarch of France.
  • Treaties of Paris (1763 and 1783): Treaties affecting international relations.
  • Glorious Revolution: Overthrow of James II of England.
  • Creoles/Crillos: People of Spanish descent born in the Americas.
  • General Santa Anna: Mexican military and political leader.
  • Toussaint L'Ouverture: Key figure in the Haitian Revolution.
  • Simon Bolivar/José de San Martín: Key figures in Latin American independence movements.
  • Monroe Doctrine: US policy against European intervention in the Americas.
  • Declaration of Independence: Document declaring American independence from Great Britain.
  • Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette: French monarchs during the French Revolution.

Additional Terms and Events

  • Jacobin Party: Radical political group during the French Revolution.
  • Magna Carta: Historical document limiting English monarchical power.
  • Directory: Five-man governing body following the French Revolution.
  • Napoleon Bonaparte: French military leader and emperor.
  • Deism: Philosophical movement emphasizing reason and natural law instead of divine intervention.
  • coup d'état: Sudden seizure of power.
  • Tennis Court Oath: Pivotal event in the French Revolution.
  • Bastille Day: Marks the beginning of the French Revolution.
  • Bill of Rights (1787): Declaration of fundamental rights (US).
  • Royal Advisory Council: Body of advisers to the monarch.
  • Hanover Dynasty: European royal family.
  • Thirty Years' War: Major European conflict.
  • Hundred Years' War: Long conflict between England and France.
  • Seven Years' War: Global conflict among European powers.
  • Treaty of Paris (1763): Treaty ending the Seven Years' War.
  • William Pitt the Elder (Lord Chatham): British statesman.
  • Lord Frederick North: British Prime Minister.
  • Continental Congress: Group of colonial representatives during the American Revolution.
  • Articles of Confederation: Early US government structure.
  • Constitutional Convention 1787: US Constitution creation meeting.
  • John Locke: Philosopher influencing the American Revolution.
  • Baron de Montesquieu: Philosopher influencing the American Revolution.
  • Constitutional Monarchy: Monarchy limited by a constitution.
  • Privy Council: Monarchs' advisors.
  • John Wesley: Founder of Methodism.
  • Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Trade in enslaved Africans.
  • House of Orange: Dutch royal family.
  • Mikhail Romanov: Founder of the Romanov Dynasty.
  • Scientific Revolution: Period of scientific advancements.
  • Anne I of Great Britain: British monarch.
  • James I/II of England/Great Britain: British monarchs.
  • Charles I/II of England: British monarchs.

Questions & Answers

  • English Parliament: Composed of two houses, with varied member selection processes. Significant powers held. Two chief political parties (in later centuries) emerged in the House of Commons, with each side holding different views.
  • Enlightenment: Sparked subsequent revolutions.
  • Industrial Revolution: Began in Great Britain due to interconnected factors.
  • Latin American Revolutions: Motivated by political and economic grievances leading to desires for independence.
  • French Revolution: Fueled by social inequalities, economic difficulties, and Enlightenment ideals.
  • Monroe Doctrine: Declared policy forbidding European interference in the Americas.
  • Second English Civil War: Conflict centered on political and religious issues, resulting in a change of power.
  • Glorious Revolution: Differed from other conflicts with minimal forceful actions involved.
  • Peter/Catherine the Great: Led reforms and conquests in Russia.
  • French Revolution Phases: Events from 1789-1799, leading to the rise of Napoleon.
  • Eastern vs Western Monarchs: Differed in political and religious systems, influencing how they governed.
  • Estates-General: French governing body whose regularly scheduled meetings were not permitted in the run-up to the revolution.
  • English Bill of Rights: Established English rights and influenced other nations.
  • American Revolution: Driven by a desire for independence from Great Britain and related grievances, influencing various other rebellions.
  • Louis XIV/Napoleon: French leaders who had successes and failures.
  • Frederick II/Hohenzollern: Negatives of their rule on Prussia.
  • Joseph II: Austrian ruler with differing perspectives on governing.
  • Latin American Revolutions: Outcomes of revolutions.
  • Jacobin Party: Their role and impact in the French Revolution.
  • First Three Phases of French Revolution: Outcomes and effects.
  • Estates General: French governing body with its relationship to the Parliament of Great Britain.
  • Parliament (England/Great Britain): Power distribution concerning decision-making with the monarchy.
  • Mercantilism/Louis XIV: Impact on the French economy.
  • Use of Slaves: Motivations (by Europeans) concerning the practice of slavery.
  • European Monarchs: Similarities and differences among them.

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Explore key terms and concepts related to European monarchs, dynasties, and the Enlightenment period. Understand the dynamics of power, reason, and historical context. Identify enlightened absolute rulers and influential royal families.

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