Molecular Systematics in Phylogeny Inference
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Questions and Answers

What do systematists infer from molecular evidence?

  • Geographical distribution
  • Predator-prey relationships
  • Habitat preference
  • Phylogeny (correct)
  • Why should DNA and amino acid sequences be more similar between species that have recently branched from a common ancestor?

  • Due to the reflection of common ancestry in homology (correct)
  • Diverse environmental pressures
  • Loss of genetic information over time
  • Random mutation rates in DNA sequences
  • Why is molecular systematics valuable in assessing phylogenetic relationships?

  • It is used for determining geographical distribution
  • It provides information on species habitat preferences
  • It relies solely on morphological divergence
  • It can evaluate relationships beyond what comparative anatomy offers (correct)
  • Which type of groups benefit the most from molecular systematics due to limited morphological divergence?

    <p>Closely related groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for most molecular systematics analysis?

    <p>Comparison of nucleotide sequences in DNA or RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do systematists construct cladograms using DNA sequence analysis?

    <p>Branch points defined by mutations in DNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes it easier to define identity using molecular data compared to morphological data?

    <p>Molecular data are less subject to homoplasy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a rooted tree, what does the root represent?

    <p>Hypothetical ancestors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a rooted and an unrooted tree?

    <p>Directionality in terms of evolutionary time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base in nucleotide structure?

    <p>They hook nucleotides together in DNA formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can long branch attraction occur in molecular data analysis?

    <p>As a result of errors from fast mutation rates and limited characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tree allows us to define ancestor-descendant relationships between nodes?

    <p>Rooted tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do terminal nodes represent in a tree?

    <p>Operational taxonomic units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regions of DNA evolve relatively rapidly and are useful for assessing closely related species or populations?

    <p>mtDNA regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of evolutionary relationships, what does an unrooted tree lack compared to a rooted tree?

    <p>Specification of ancestors and descendants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do insertions and deletions in DNA sequences create challenges when establishing homology?

    <p>They introduce base changes that are difficult to align</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do two closely related species primarily differ in their DNA sequences?

    <p>By differing in multiple bases and having insertions or deletions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core principle of Maximum Parsimony?

    <p>Minimizes evolutionary changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is statistically robust and incorporates evolutionary models?

    <p>Maximum Likelihood (ML)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA)?

    <p>Not statistically rigorous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When applying parsimony to a problem in molecular systematics, which dataset size is more suitable for Maximum Parsimony according to the text?

    <p>Smaller datasets, qualitative analysis, exploration, uncertain model assumptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Neighbor Joining (NJ) primarily do in constructing phylogenetic trees?

    <p>Iteratively joins closest sequences, updates distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Maximum Likelihood (ML), what does 'maximizes probability of observed data under a model' mean?

    <p>Selects the tree with the highest likelihood score</p> Signup and view all the answers

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