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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a component of the prebiotic soup?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the prebiotic soup?
What is the most likely origin of the first self-replicating systems?
What is the most likely origin of the first self-replicating systems?
Which of the following is a component of certain essential cofactors and molecules?
Which of the following is a component of certain essential cofactors and molecules?
What is the primary function of RNA in early cellular life?
What is the primary function of RNA in early cellular life?
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What was the major source of carbon for the earliest life on Earth?
What was the major source of carbon for the earliest life on Earth?
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What event led to the accumulation of O2 in the Earth's atmosphere?
What event led to the accumulation of O2 in the Earth's atmosphere?
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What criteria are currently used to determine how closely related to organisms are?
What criteria are currently used to determine how closely related to organisms are?
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When is cellular life believed to have evolved?
When is cellular life believed to have evolved?
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What were the early geological evidences of life mentioned in the text?
What were the early geological evidences of life mentioned in the text?
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What is the subsurface origin hypothesis?
What is the subsurface origin hypothesis?
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What is the main function of compartments in the origin of life, according to the text?
What is the main function of compartments in the origin of life, according to the text?
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What are stromatolites?
What are stromatolites?
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What are the hostile conditions on Earth's surface during the origin of life?
What are the hostile conditions on Earth's surface during the origin of life?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of molecular clocks?
Which of the following is a characteristic of molecular clocks?
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What is the best type of sequence to compare when using molecular clocks?
What is the best type of sequence to compare when using molecular clocks?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of 16S rRNA genes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of 16S rRNA genes?
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What does a phylogenetic distance map from the 16S ribosomal RNA sequence show?
What does a phylogenetic distance map from the 16S ribosomal RNA sequence show?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of horizontal gene transfer?
Which of the following is a characteristic of horizontal gene transfer?
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What is the purpose of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) in distinguishing between strains?
What is the purpose of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) in distinguishing between strains?
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Which of the following is Not true about the core genome?
Which of the following is Not true about the core genome?
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What is the selective advantage of a reduced genome size?
What is the selective advantage of a reduced genome size?
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Which of the following is an example of mutualism?
Which of the following is an example of mutualism?
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What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis?
What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis?
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Which organelles have their own circular genomes?
Which organelles have their own circular genomes?
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What is the function of chloroplasts?
What is the function of chloroplasts?
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What is the function of mitochondria?
What is the function of mitochondria?
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Who was the man that revolutionized the organization system from domains from microbial organisms?
Who was the man that revolutionized the organization system from domains from microbial organisms?
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What types of prokaryotes are believed to endosymbiosis for the origin of Eukaryotes? choose the most correct answer.
What types of prokaryotes are believed to endosymbiosis for the origin of Eukaryotes? choose the most correct answer.
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Study Notes
Origin of Life
- Prebiotic soup did not contain life forms, but it did contain organic compounds, water, and energy sources.
- The most likely origin of the first self-replicating systems is the RNA world hypothesis.
- Phosphorus is a component of certain essential cofactors and molecules.
- The primary function of RNA in early cellular life was to store and transmit genetic information.
- The major source of carbon for the earliest life on Earth was carbon dioxide.
- The event that led to the accumulation of O2 in the Earth's atmosphere was oxygenic photosynthesis.
- The criteria currently used to determine how closely related organisms are include comparative morphology, comparative embryology, and molecular biology.
Early Life on Earth
- Cellular life is believed to have evolved around 3.5-4.5 billion years ago.
- Early geological evidences of life include fossilized stromatolites, which are layered structures created by ancient bacteria.
- The subsurface origin hypothesis suggests that life originated deep in the Earth's crust.
- The main function of compartments in the origin of life was to provide a protected environment for chemical reactions.
Molecular Biology
- Molecular clocks are characterized by a constant rate of mutation over time.
- The best type of sequence to compare when using molecular clocks is a highly conserved sequence.
- 16S rRNA genes are characterized by a high degree of conservation and are often used in molecular clocks.
- A phylogenetic distance map from the 16S ribosomal RNA sequence shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
- Horizontal gene transfer is characterized by the transfer of genes between organisms other than by vertical inheritance.
- The purpose of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) in distinguishing between strains is to compare multiple genetic loci.
Genomics and Genome Evolution
- The core genome refers to the set of genes shared by all members of a species.
- The selective advantage of a reduced genome size is increased efficiency and reduced energy requirements.
- The endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient bacteria.
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular genomes.
- The function of chloroplasts is to carry out photosynthesis.
- The function of mitochondria is to generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
- Carl Woese revolutionized the organization system of domains from microbial organisms.
Symbiosis
- Mutualism is an example of symbiosis, in which both organisms benefit.
- Endosymbiosis is a type of symbiosis in which one organism lives inside another.
- Alpha-proteobacteria are believed to have undergone endosymbiosis to originate Eukaryotes.
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Description
Test your knowledge of molecular clocks and choosing the right chronometer in microbiology with this quiz. Explore concepts such as neutral mutations, sequence differences, conserved sequences, and the gene for small subunit rRNA. Challenge yourself with questions on the steady accumulation of mutations and the importance of conservation for function.